際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

Base root and stem

Download as POTX, PDF
J
Joaquim Vinte

This document discusses morphological concepts including roots, bases, stems, affixes, compounds, and conversions. It defines roots as the central morpheme of a word that carries the key meaning. Bases can be roots or roots plus affixes, and stems are bases that can take grammatical affixes. Affixes are bound morphemes added to bases or stems to derive new words or add grammatical meaning. Compounds consist of two or more bases joined together, with one element acting as the head determining the word's part of speech. Exercises are provided asking students to identify morphemes and morphological structures in example words.

1 of 13
Downloaded 227 times
Chapter 4 Roots, bases, stems & other structural things Morphology Lane 333
Roots Some elements of the word are more central than others Root: the central morpheme, or the key element to which others are added Roots have a lexical (dictionary) meaning, but some (lingu, arrog) have a full meaning only when joined to other elements
Exercise 4.1 identify the roots of the following words. hymns breakage insane majority outbreak linked renew boarder knowingly actions rediscover untainted
Exercise 4.3 identify the morphemes which are used to form derived lexemes warmth passage accountable endanger neutralize hearty consultant preschool
Affixes & the base Affixes - not independent - added to other elements - not all affixes are lexical (also grammatical)
The base Base: whatever you can add affixes to - All roots are bases (but not vice versa) - can be a plain root (e.g. switch) - or more than one plain root (e.g. window- seat) - or a root + one or more affixes (e.g. ex- husband)
The stem Stem: what you add grammatical affixes to a special kind of base All stems are bases, but not all bases can be stems in English because some lexical categories (e.g. prepositions) dont take grammatical affixes
Summary Root: morpheme in which the rest of the word is built Base: any structure to which an affix may be added Stem: any base to which a grammatical affix may be added Affix (1): lexical affixes form separate dictionary words by being attached to bases (derivation) Affix (2): Grammatical affixes add grammatical meanings to the meaning of their stems (inflection)
Examples crow base consisting of a single root crows base consisting of a single root; stem+ gram. Affix crowbar base consisting of two roots crowbars stem+ gram. Affix minority base consisting of root+ affix gentlemanly base consisting of two roots+ lexical affix southernmost base consisting of root+ lexical affix deserted base consisting of a root; also a stem Irish- American base consisting of two bases, each consisting of a root+ a lexical affix
Exercise 4.8 which words consist entirely of roots and/or affixes which are bound morphemes? outgrow presently quicksilver bathrooms agriculture reinvent bricklayer sleepyhead
Conversions Conversions: pairs of words which belong to different lexical categories (e.g. drink, love, review)
Compounds Head: the most important element in a compound (e.g bag in handbag; a kind of bag) The head is of the same lexical category as the compound itself e.g.: pathway (noun) househunt (verb) headstrong (adj) Dependant: the element in a compound word which depends on the head (e.g. hand)
Compounds Endocentric: having the centre inside (e.g. junkmail) Exocentric: having the centre outside (e.g. Redeye)

More Related Content

Base root and stem

  • 1. Chapter 4 Roots, bases, stems & other structural things Morphology Lane 333
  • 2. Roots Some elements of the word are more central than others Root: the central morpheme, or the key element to which others are added Roots have a lexical (dictionary) meaning, but some (lingu, arrog) have a full meaning only when joined to other elements
  • 3. Exercise 4.1 identify the roots of the following words. hymns breakage insane majority outbreak linked renew boarder knowingly actions rediscover untainted
  • 4. Exercise 4.3 identify the morphemes which are used to form derived lexemes warmth passage accountable endanger neutralize hearty consultant preschool
  • 5. Affixes & the base Affixes - not independent - added to other elements - not all affixes are lexical (also grammatical)
  • 6. The base Base: whatever you can add affixes to - All roots are bases (but not vice versa) - can be a plain root (e.g. switch) - or more than one plain root (e.g. window- seat) - or a root + one or more affixes (e.g. ex- husband)
  • 7. The stem Stem: what you add grammatical affixes to a special kind of base All stems are bases, but not all bases can be stems in English because some lexical categories (e.g. prepositions) dont take grammatical affixes
  • 8. Summary Root: morpheme in which the rest of the word is built Base: any structure to which an affix may be added Stem: any base to which a grammatical affix may be added Affix (1): lexical affixes form separate dictionary words by being attached to bases (derivation) Affix (2): Grammatical affixes add grammatical meanings to the meaning of their stems (inflection)
  • 9. Examples crow base consisting of a single root crows base consisting of a single root; stem+ gram. Affix crowbar base consisting of two roots crowbars stem+ gram. Affix minority base consisting of root+ affix gentlemanly base consisting of two roots+ lexical affix southernmost base consisting of root+ lexical affix deserted base consisting of a root; also a stem Irish- American base consisting of two bases, each consisting of a root+ a lexical affix
  • 10. Exercise 4.8 which words consist entirely of roots and/or affixes which are bound morphemes? outgrow presently quicksilver bathrooms agriculture reinvent bricklayer sleepyhead
  • 11. Conversions Conversions: pairs of words which belong to different lexical categories (e.g. drink, love, review)
  • 12. Compounds Head: the most important element in a compound (e.g bag in handbag; a kind of bag) The head is of the same lexical category as the compound itself e.g.: pathway (noun) househunt (verb) headstrong (adj) Dependant: the element in a compound word which depends on the head (e.g. hand)
  • 13. Compounds Endocentric: having the centre inside (e.g. junkmail) Exocentric: having the centre outside (e.g. Redeye)