Earth's Greenhouse-Icehouse Transition Across the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary
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This study analyzed ostracod samples from the Indian Ocean to investigate changes in bottom water temperature across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary approximately 33.9 million years ago. Ostracod shells were examined microscopically and chemically cleaned. Magnesium-calcium ratios were then measured using mass spectrometry, which indicate bottom water temperature variations. Ratios increased by 1.5 degrees Celsius between 30-36 million years ago, corresponding to cooling linked to Antarctic glaciation. However, temperatures calculated are outside the range of common calibrations, warranting further investigation into accurate calibration methods for this temperature range.
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![Methodology
Samples were recovered from ODP Hole 757B located on the Ninety East
Ridge in the Indian Ocean during ODP Leg 121 (1988).
Ostracods of the genus Krithe were identified under a microscope and
removed from samples (Fig. 1).
Valves were weighed and transferred to 0.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes.
Valves underwent chemical cleaning to remove clays, metal oxides and
organic matter (method modified from Boyle, 1981).
Samples were then analysed for trace metals using inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) .
Earth's Greenhouse-Icehouse Transition Across the Eocene/ Oligocene Boundary
J.S. Crowe1 and H.K. Coxall2
1. School of Earth and Ocean Science, Cardiff University
2. Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University
Background
The earliest indication of Eastern Antarctic glaciation at sea level occurs
at c. 45.5 Ma during the Eocene Epoch.
By c. 36 Ma glaciation had significantly strengthened with the creation of
the Eastern Antarctic ice sheet.
The Eastern Antarctic continent was entirely buried under ice by the
onset of the Oligocene at 33.9 Ma (Ehrmann and Mackensen, 1992)
The Mg/Ca ratio found in shells of the deep-sea ostracod genus Krithe
has been used here to infer bottom water temperature (BWT).
Ostracods are a type of bi-valved crustacean.
Their shells are formed of calcite (CaCO3) and contain co-precipitated
magnesium.
Concentration of magnesium with respect to calcium is known to be
temperature dependant (Burton and Walter, 1991).
Results Conclusions
Average valve weight significantly decreases from 19.5 to 15.5 袖g the
late Eocene to the early Oligocene (fig. 2).
Magnesium calcium ratios found within ostracods from ODP Hole 757B
show a significant positive trend across the Eocene/ Oligocene (E/O)
boundary (Fig.3).
These ratios correspond to a 1.5属C increase in bottom water temperature
between 30 and 36 million years (Fig.3).
Increases in magnesium calcium ratios occur simultaneously with a
distinct rise 隆18O (Fig. 2-3).
Bottom water temperatures found here are outside the range of the
commonly used calibrations (Cronin et al., 1996., 2005., Dwyer et
al.,1995., 2002.)
References & Acknowledgments
Boyle, E.A., 1981. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 53, 1135. Burton, E. A. & Walter, L.M., 1991. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 55,777.
Cronin, T.M., et al., 1996. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ.111,117-134 Cronin, T.M. et al., 2005. Marine Micropaleontology. 54, 249-261.
Dwyer, G.S., et al., 1995. Science. 270 (5240), 1347-1351. Dwyer, G.S, et al, 2002. Geophys. Monogr.Ser. 131, 205-225.
Ehrmann, W.U., et al., 1992. Palaeogeo, Palaeoclim, Palaeoecol. 93, 85 Elmore, A.C., et al., 2012. Geochem, Geiphys. Geosys. 13(9).
Many thanks: to: CUROP, C.H. Lear, E.M. Mawbey and A. Morte-R坦denas
Figure 1. A light microscope image of a selected ostracod.
Questions for Further Research
Are bottom water temperatures calibrated using Dwyer et al., 1995
accurate over this temperature range?
Does a [CO3
2-]- corrected calibration (designed for low temperatures)
yield more accurate bottom water temperature estimates (Elmore et al.,
2012)?
Do bottom water temperatures calculated using Mg/Ca or Sr/Ca ratios in
benthic foraminifera correlate with those found using ostracods?
Why do Mg/Ca ratios increase when a cooling effect linked to glaciation
is expected?
Is the increase in Mg/Ca ratio significant in regard to a reduction in valve
weight?
Figure 2. Valve weight per ostracod across the E/O boundary.
Figure 3. Mg/Ca ratios and calibrated BWT across the E/O boundary.
Figure 4. Oxygen isotope record across the E/O boundary.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/300f5bd4-dc80-4bda-b3a2-12ef0f4372e2-150807200227-lva1-app6891/85/Earth-s-Greenhouse-Icehouse-Transition-Across-the-Eocene-Oligocene-Boundary-1-320.jpg)
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- 1. Methodology Samples were recovered from ODP Hole 757B located on the Ninety East Ridge in the Indian Ocean during ODP Leg 121 (1988). Ostracods of the genus Krithe were identified under a microscope and removed from samples (Fig. 1). Valves were weighed and transferred to 0.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes. Valves underwent chemical cleaning to remove clays, metal oxides and organic matter (method modified from Boyle, 1981). Samples were then analysed for trace metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) . Earth's Greenhouse-Icehouse Transition Across the Eocene/ Oligocene Boundary J.S. Crowe1 and H.K. Coxall2 1. School of Earth and Ocean Science, Cardiff University 2. Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University Background The earliest indication of Eastern Antarctic glaciation at sea level occurs at c. 45.5 Ma during the Eocene Epoch. By c. 36 Ma glaciation had significantly strengthened with the creation of the Eastern Antarctic ice sheet. The Eastern Antarctic continent was entirely buried under ice by the onset of the Oligocene at 33.9 Ma (Ehrmann and Mackensen, 1992) The Mg/Ca ratio found in shells of the deep-sea ostracod genus Krithe has been used here to infer bottom water temperature (BWT). Ostracods are a type of bi-valved crustacean. Their shells are formed of calcite (CaCO3) and contain co-precipitated magnesium. Concentration of magnesium with respect to calcium is known to be temperature dependant (Burton and Walter, 1991). Results Conclusions Average valve weight significantly decreases from 19.5 to 15.5 袖g the late Eocene to the early Oligocene (fig. 2). Magnesium calcium ratios found within ostracods from ODP Hole 757B show a significant positive trend across the Eocene/ Oligocene (E/O) boundary (Fig.3). These ratios correspond to a 1.5属C increase in bottom water temperature between 30 and 36 million years (Fig.3). Increases in magnesium calcium ratios occur simultaneously with a distinct rise 隆18O (Fig. 2-3). Bottom water temperatures found here are outside the range of the commonly used calibrations (Cronin et al., 1996., 2005., Dwyer et al.,1995., 2002.) References & Acknowledgments Boyle, E.A., 1981. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 53, 1135. Burton, E. A. & Walter, L.M., 1991. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 55,777. Cronin, T.M., et al., 1996. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ.111,117-134 Cronin, T.M. et al., 2005. Marine Micropaleontology. 54, 249-261. Dwyer, G.S., et al., 1995. Science. 270 (5240), 1347-1351. Dwyer, G.S, et al, 2002. Geophys. Monogr.Ser. 131, 205-225. Ehrmann, W.U., et al., 1992. Palaeogeo, Palaeoclim, Palaeoecol. 93, 85 Elmore, A.C., et al., 2012. Geochem, Geiphys. Geosys. 13(9). Many thanks: to: CUROP, C.H. Lear, E.M. Mawbey and A. Morte-R坦denas Figure 1. A light microscope image of a selected ostracod. Questions for Further Research Are bottom water temperatures calibrated using Dwyer et al., 1995 accurate over this temperature range? Does a [CO3 2-]- corrected calibration (designed for low temperatures) yield more accurate bottom water temperature estimates (Elmore et al., 2012)? Do bottom water temperatures calculated using Mg/Ca or Sr/Ca ratios in benthic foraminifera correlate with those found using ostracods? Why do Mg/Ca ratios increase when a cooling effect linked to glaciation is expected? Is the increase in Mg/Ca ratio significant in regard to a reduction in valve weight? Figure 2. Valve weight per ostracod across the E/O boundary. Figure 3. Mg/Ca ratios and calibrated BWT across the E/O boundary. Figure 4. Oxygen isotope record across the E/O boundary.