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Nation Report History 141 by Kristi Beria

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Kristi Beria
Kristi Beria

Haiti was discovered by Columbus in 1492 and became a French colony known as Saint-Domingue in 1697. African slaves were imported to work on plantations, and Saint-Domingue became very wealthy due to the production of sugar, coffee, and other crops. However, slaves greatly outnumbered colonists and endured cruel treatment. Several slave rebellions occurred, culminating in Haiti gaining independence in 1804 under General Dessalines. The country has struggled with political instability and poverty since then, and suffered greatly from a 2010 earthquake that killed over 300,000 people.

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Nation Report: Haiti By Kristi Beria History 141
Haiti History In 1492, Columbus discovered the island of Hispaniola and claimed it for the Spanish Crown. In 1697, the Spanish cede the western third of Hispaniola to the French, who then named it Saint Domingue. African slaves were imported to help the planters grow tobacco, indigo, cotton, and cacao. Saint Domingue becomes the richest colony in the world, with its capital city Cap Francois called the Paris of the New World. By the 1780s Saint Domingue produced approximately 40% of all the sugar and 60% of all the coffee consumed by Europeans. There were many slave rebellions that went on during this time, with the slaves outnumbering the whites that ran the colony. Slaves were treated cruelly and were beaten, starved and even buried alive for minor infractions. Many slaves ran away from their masters and joined together to form communities that would often raid the plantations.
Haiti History Saint Domingue had the largest and wealthiest free population of color in all of the Caribbean. Many French slave owners had children with African slaves and these children, mulattos were able to inherit property. In January of 1804 General Jean Jacques Dessalines declares himself emperor and proclaims the area as the independent Republic of Haiti. Dessalines is eventually assassinated and the country is split into two rival regimes. Jean Pierre Boyer is able to reunite the Haiti. Many of the former slaves refused to work on the plantations and by 1840 Haiti was no longer exporting sugar. After many different rulers, the Constitution of 1867 spelled out progressive transitions in their government. The economic and stability of the Nation was restored. The sugar and rum industries located near Port-au-Princes were even, for awhile, a model for economic growth for Latin America countries.
Haiti Geography Haiti is located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean on the western third of the island of Hispaniola. The total area is 10,714 square miles which is slightly smaller than the state of Maryland. There is 1,100 miles of coastline on Haiti. It is very mountainous with fertile valleys interspersed throughout forming a rough terrain. There are numerous islands that make up the total territory of Haiti including Tortuga and Les Cayemites. There are many lakes and rivers that are located in Haiti including two salt water lakes. There are several natural resources that are available including copper, gold, marble, and calcium carbonate. Haiti lies in the middle of a hurricane belt and had severe storms from June to October with occasional flooding and droughts. Much of the territories forest are being cleared to make room for crops and to be used for fuel.
Haiti Geography The climate of Haiti is generally a hot a humid tropical region. Despite relative small size of Haiti it is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. As of 2009, the population was over 10 million people.
Haiti Culture The culture of Haiti has ties to both its French and African roots. The music of Haiti is influenced by French, Spanish and American music with the drum being the most important instrument. Much of the music is taken from Vodou ceremonies and traditions. Carnival is celebrated, as well as rara which takes place in more rural areas. 90% of the people in Haiti are Catholic and 10% are Protestant, with many people still practicing voodoo. Voodoo is a religion that was brought over from Africa and believes in supernatural spirits that have a great influence over the daily lives of people. Voodoo was able to unite the slaves during the slave rebellions during Haitis early years. Many Haitians dont see being Christian and a practitioner of voodoo as a contradiction.
Haiti Culture Most households in Haiti are comprised of several generations of families. Several large families will often form communities that work together to complete tasks such as building a house or farming. Polygamy is not legal in Haiti, but men will often set up several households with different women. There are very specific gender roles with men earning the money and women taking care of the household and children.
Haiti People For most of Haitis history, French was the official language, but 1987 Kreyol was made the official language. Haiti is now one of the poorest countries in the world, with the rural farmers making less than $500 a day. There is a large economic gap between the poor and the small group of wealthy elite with the middle class of Haiti continuing to expand. The original population of Haiti were the Taino, an Arawakan people. The arrival of Europeans brought disease to the indigenous people which brought them to near extinction. A few were able to survive and build communities away from the Europeans, but the Taino eventually became an extinct population. In the year 2000, 95% of Haitians were of Africa descent as a result of the importation of African slaves during the colonization.
Haiti People In January of 2010 the people of Haiti suffered devastation from a magnitude 7.0 earthquake. Approximately 316,00 people died and most of the infrastructure of Haiti was destroyed. Over a million people were left homeless and had to set up makeshift communities among the rubble. One year later, less than 5% of the debris has been cleaned up and people are still living in shantytowns. Workers are still finding pulling out bodies from the rubble. A cholera epidemic has killed 3,600 people. Funds that had been pledged to help with clean up efforts have been slow to reach the needy. Haiti is undergoing a political crises as three different people are fighting to control the government. Despite this, the people of Haiti remain hopeful that aid will reach them soon.
Sources http://www.everyculture.com/Ge-It/Haiti.html http:// geography.about.com/od/haitimaps/a/haitigeography.htm http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti http://www.language-works.com/Haiti/history.htm http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/cb_haiti_earthquake http://cirrie.buffalo.edu/culture/monographs/haiti.php#s3 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html

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Nation Report History 141 by Kristi Beria

  • 1. Nation Report: Haiti By Kristi Beria History 141
  • 2. Haiti History In 1492, Columbus discovered the island of Hispaniola and claimed it for the Spanish Crown. In 1697, the Spanish cede the western third of Hispaniola to the French, who then named it Saint Domingue. African slaves were imported to help the planters grow tobacco, indigo, cotton, and cacao. Saint Domingue becomes the richest colony in the world, with its capital city Cap Francois called the Paris of the New World. By the 1780s Saint Domingue produced approximately 40% of all the sugar and 60% of all the coffee consumed by Europeans. There were many slave rebellions that went on during this time, with the slaves outnumbering the whites that ran the colony. Slaves were treated cruelly and were beaten, starved and even buried alive for minor infractions. Many slaves ran away from their masters and joined together to form communities that would often raid the plantations.
  • 3. Haiti History Saint Domingue had the largest and wealthiest free population of color in all of the Caribbean. Many French slave owners had children with African slaves and these children, mulattos were able to inherit property. In January of 1804 General Jean Jacques Dessalines declares himself emperor and proclaims the area as the independent Republic of Haiti. Dessalines is eventually assassinated and the country is split into two rival regimes. Jean Pierre Boyer is able to reunite the Haiti. Many of the former slaves refused to work on the plantations and by 1840 Haiti was no longer exporting sugar. After many different rulers, the Constitution of 1867 spelled out progressive transitions in their government. The economic and stability of the Nation was restored. The sugar and rum industries located near Port-au-Princes were even, for awhile, a model for economic growth for Latin America countries.
  • 4. Haiti Geography Haiti is located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean on the western third of the island of Hispaniola. The total area is 10,714 square miles which is slightly smaller than the state of Maryland. There is 1,100 miles of coastline on Haiti. It is very mountainous with fertile valleys interspersed throughout forming a rough terrain. There are numerous islands that make up the total territory of Haiti including Tortuga and Les Cayemites. There are many lakes and rivers that are located in Haiti including two salt water lakes. There are several natural resources that are available including copper, gold, marble, and calcium carbonate. Haiti lies in the middle of a hurricane belt and had severe storms from June to October with occasional flooding and droughts. Much of the territories forest are being cleared to make room for crops and to be used for fuel.
  • 5. Haiti Geography The climate of Haiti is generally a hot a humid tropical region. Despite relative small size of Haiti it is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. As of 2009, the population was over 10 million people.
  • 6. Haiti Culture The culture of Haiti has ties to both its French and African roots. The music of Haiti is influenced by French, Spanish and American music with the drum being the most important instrument. Much of the music is taken from Vodou ceremonies and traditions. Carnival is celebrated, as well as rara which takes place in more rural areas. 90% of the people in Haiti are Catholic and 10% are Protestant, with many people still practicing voodoo. Voodoo is a religion that was brought over from Africa and believes in supernatural spirits that have a great influence over the daily lives of people. Voodoo was able to unite the slaves during the slave rebellions during Haitis early years. Many Haitians dont see being Christian and a practitioner of voodoo as a contradiction.
  • 7. Haiti Culture Most households in Haiti are comprised of several generations of families. Several large families will often form communities that work together to complete tasks such as building a house or farming. Polygamy is not legal in Haiti, but men will often set up several households with different women. There are very specific gender roles with men earning the money and women taking care of the household and children.
  • 8. Haiti People For most of Haitis history, French was the official language, but 1987 Kreyol was made the official language. Haiti is now one of the poorest countries in the world, with the rural farmers making less than $500 a day. There is a large economic gap between the poor and the small group of wealthy elite with the middle class of Haiti continuing to expand. The original population of Haiti were the Taino, an Arawakan people. The arrival of Europeans brought disease to the indigenous people which brought them to near extinction. A few were able to survive and build communities away from the Europeans, but the Taino eventually became an extinct population. In the year 2000, 95% of Haitians were of Africa descent as a result of the importation of African slaves during the colonization.
  • 9. Haiti People In January of 2010 the people of Haiti suffered devastation from a magnitude 7.0 earthquake. Approximately 316,00 people died and most of the infrastructure of Haiti was destroyed. Over a million people were left homeless and had to set up makeshift communities among the rubble. One year later, less than 5% of the debris has been cleaned up and people are still living in shantytowns. Workers are still finding pulling out bodies from the rubble. A cholera epidemic has killed 3,600 people. Funds that had been pledged to help with clean up efforts have been slow to reach the needy. Haiti is undergoing a political crises as three different people are fighting to control the government. Despite this, the people of Haiti remain hopeful that aid will reach them soon.
  • 10. Sources http://www.everyculture.com/Ge-It/Haiti.html http:// geography.about.com/od/haitimaps/a/haitigeography.htm http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti http://www.language-works.com/Haiti/history.htm http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/cb_haiti_earthquake http://cirrie.buffalo.edu/culture/monographs/haiti.php#s3 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html