Αφρώδης οίνοι - Sparkling winesPanagiotis ArapitsasMaster of Science in Wine and Beer Science
University of West Attika
April 2021
Παραγωγή αφρωδών οίνων
Champagne
Cremant
Cava
Franciacorta
Trentodoc
Prosecco
Asti
Lambrusco
MS Wine Day 2024 Arapitsas Advancements in Wine Metabolomics ResearchPanagiotis ArapitsasThe document outlines advancements in wine metabolomics research presented at the 5th MS Wine Day in Asti, 2024, highlighting the contributions of Panagiotis Arapitsas and Stavroula Kourakou Dragona. It emphasizes the significance of metabolomics in understanding the complex chemical profiles of wine, the advancements in methodologies such as mass spectrometry, and the extensive research network contributing to the field. Additionally, it discusses the challenges in capturing the complete wine metabolome and the latest findings on new metabolites in different wine varieties.
Universtity of West Attika, Master, VolatilesPanagiotis ArapitsasThe document discusses the aromatic compounds found in grapes and wine, including terpenoids, thiols, norisoprenoids, and methoxypyrazines. It also examines how these aromas are influenced by factors like grape variety, ripeness level, winemaking practices, aging, and oak barrel storage. The aromatic profile of grapes and wine can change significantly over time due to enzymatic and chemical reactions that generate new volatile compounds during ripening, fermentation, aging, and barrel aging.
Universtity of West Attika, Master, PhenolicsPanagiotis ArapitsasThe document provides biographical and contact information for Panagiotis Arapitsas. It lists his educational background including degrees from TEI of Athens - Greece, Erasmus University of Turin, Italy, University of Florence, Italy, and University of Uppsala, Sweden. It also lists his work experience including as a researcher at Fondazione E. Mach since 2010 and as a lecturer at several universities. The document includes his contact information and links to his website and the FEM metabolomic platform website.
Seminar on Food and Wine MetabolomicsPanagiotis ArapitsasΗ μεταβολομική έρευνα είναι κεντρικής σημασίας στην τεχνολογία τροφίμων, προσφέροντας εφαρμογές στη οινολογία και την αμπελουργία. Διαφορετικές μέθοδοι ανάλυσης, όπως η στοχευμένη και μη στοχευμένη ανάλυση, επιτρέπουν την εξέταση χιλιάδων μεταβολιτών σε δείγματα κρασιού και τροφίμων. Οι εφαρμογές της περιλαμβάνουν τη βελτίωση της ποιότητας, την ανίχνευση απάτης και την κατανόηση της χημείας του κρασιού.
Introduction to FAIR principles about Data, Metadata and Protocols in Metabo...Panagiotis ArapitsasThis document introduces FAIR principles for metabolomics data, metadata, and protocols. It discusses minimum reporting standards for metabolomics experiments and the need to make data findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. Key points include standardizing sample collection and experimental protocols, using public repositories like MetaboLights to store metabolomics datasets along with protocols and metadata, and annotating metabolites with identifiers from databases. The document advocates applying FAIR principles to make more metabolomics data available and citable.
Tracciabilità ed autenticità nel campo enologicoPanagiotis ArapitsasIl documento esamina l'importanza della tracciabilità e dell'autenticità nel settore vinicolo, evidenziando le principali frodi alimentari nella filiera viti-enologica. Inoltre, approfondisce i metodi analitici tradizionali e innovativi utilizzati per garantire la qualità e la sicurezza dei prodotti vinicoli. Infine, vengono discussi i vantaggi e svantaggi di ciascun metodo analitico per fornire una visione critica delle pratiche attuali nel settore.
Wine MetabolomicsPanagiotis ArapitsasThe document discusses metabolomics analysis of wine. It describes how metabolomics uses targeted and untargeted analytical approaches to comprehensively characterize small molecule metabolites in biological systems like wine. Experimental design considerations for wine metabolomics studies are outlined, including using a clear question, minimizing variables, sufficient biological replicates, and collecting detailed metadata. Sample preparation and LC-MS acquisition parameters are also important to consider. The goal of wine metabolomics is to detect markers that can then be validated and identified to generate new hypotheses.
Wine and grape Metabolomics Chapters 3-4Panagiotis ArapitsasThe document discusses analytical chemistry, focusing on chromatography as a technique for separating mixture components based on their distribution between a mobile phase and a stationary phase. It outlines various chromatography methods, such as gas and liquid chromatography, alongside factors affecting column efficiency and resolution. Additionally, the document briefly covers mass spectrometry and its applications in analytical chemistry.
Wine and grape Metabolomics Chapters 1-2Panagiotis ArapitsasThe document outlines a module on untargeted metabolomics in oenology and viticulture, detailing learning outcomes such as understanding wine metabolome terminology and familiarizing students with methods and applications. It consists of 30 hours of lectures, interactive exercises, and group lab work, with prerequisites in chemistry and statistics. The final assessment includes a written test and possibly an oral presentation, focusing on students' knowledge of metabolomics in wine production.
Summer school Sanguis Jovis - Sangiovese anthocyanins and climate changesPanagiotis ArapitsasThis document discusses wine pigments, including anthocyanins and their derivatives found in wine. It provides chemical structures of common anthocyanins like malvidin, peonidin, delphinidin and their conjugates. The document also summarizes research on wine pigments during aging and storage, finding losses of certain pigments over time, as well as correlations between some pigments.
IRSAE aquatic ecology 28 June 2018 metabolomicsPanagiotis ArapitsasThe document discusses metabolomics, the systematic study of small-molecule metabolites in biological systems, including definitions, methodologies, and key concepts in the field. It covers targeted versus untargeted metabolomics approaches, various techniques and methods such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and the challenges associated with metabolomics, including validation and sample preparation. Additionally, it highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and the integration of experimental design in metabolomic studies.
An update on wine ageing and sulfonations - Zaragoza 2018Panagiotis ArapitsasThis presentation summarizes research on wine aging and sulfonate metabolites. It describes the synthesis of tryptophol-SO3H, indole-lactic acid-SO3H, and indole-acetic acid-SO3H. Red wines contained higher levels of epicatechin-SO3H and procyanidin B2-SO3H, while white/sparkling wines contained more tryptophol-SO3H, indole-lactic acid-SO3H, and indole-acetic acid-SO3H. Aged wines were found to be richer in sulfonate metabolites overall. A method was developed to quantify 32 sulfonate metabolites using UPLC-MS
An update on wine ageing and sulfonations - Heraklion 2018Panagiotis ArapitsasThe document provides an update on research regarding wine ageing and the formation of sulfonated metabolites, focusing on compounds such as epicatechin, procyanidin B2, tryptophol, and various indole derivatives. It discusses the synthesis, identification, and quantification of numerous metabolites in both red and white wines across different vintages. The findings indicate that aged red wines are characterized by specific sulfonated metabolites, while white and sparkling wines exhibit different profiles.
Wine ChemistryPanagiotis ArapitsasThe document discusses metabolomics, outlining its definitions, methods, and the comprehensive study of small-molecule metabolites in biological systems. It provides details on the composition of wine and the significance of grape aromatic compounds in wine chemistry, including classifications of metabolites. Additionally, it touches on grape sensory analysis and human perception of flavors in wine, with an emphasis on the complexities of fermentation and aging processes.
Food metabolomics Arapitsas 2017Panagiotis ArapitsasThis document discusses various aspects of metabolomics. It defines metabolomics as the comprehensive study of small molecule metabolites in biological systems. It discusses the differences between targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches. It also addresses experimental design considerations for metabolomics studies, including the importance of randomizing samples, keeping sample preparation simple, and organizing metadata and raw data. Minimum reporting standards are outlined for sampling protocols, extraction procedures, chromatography separation methods, and mass spectrometry parameters.
Wine and grape Metabolomics Chapters 3-4Panagiotis ArapitsasThe document discusses analytical chemistry, focusing on chromatography as a technique for separating mixture components based on their distribution between a mobile phase and a stationary phase. It outlines various chromatography methods, such as gas and liquid chromatography, alongside factors affecting column efficiency and resolution. Additionally, the document briefly covers mass spectrometry and its applications in analytical chemistry.
Wine and grape Metabolomics Chapters 1-2Panagiotis ArapitsasThe document outlines a module on untargeted metabolomics in oenology and viticulture, detailing learning outcomes such as understanding wine metabolome terminology and familiarizing students with methods and applications. It consists of 30 hours of lectures, interactive exercises, and group lab work, with prerequisites in chemistry and statistics. The final assessment includes a written test and possibly an oral presentation, focusing on students' knowledge of metabolomics in wine production.
Summer school Sanguis Jovis - Sangiovese anthocyanins and climate changesPanagiotis ArapitsasThis document discusses wine pigments, including anthocyanins and their derivatives found in wine. It provides chemical structures of common anthocyanins like malvidin, peonidin, delphinidin and their conjugates. The document also summarizes research on wine pigments during aging and storage, finding losses of certain pigments over time, as well as correlations between some pigments.
IRSAE aquatic ecology 28 June 2018 metabolomicsPanagiotis ArapitsasThe document discusses metabolomics, the systematic study of small-molecule metabolites in biological systems, including definitions, methodologies, and key concepts in the field. It covers targeted versus untargeted metabolomics approaches, various techniques and methods such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and the challenges associated with metabolomics, including validation and sample preparation. Additionally, it highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and the integration of experimental design in metabolomic studies.
An update on wine ageing and sulfonations - Zaragoza 2018Panagiotis ArapitsasThis presentation summarizes research on wine aging and sulfonate metabolites. It describes the synthesis of tryptophol-SO3H, indole-lactic acid-SO3H, and indole-acetic acid-SO3H. Red wines contained higher levels of epicatechin-SO3H and procyanidin B2-SO3H, while white/sparkling wines contained more tryptophol-SO3H, indole-lactic acid-SO3H, and indole-acetic acid-SO3H. Aged wines were found to be richer in sulfonate metabolites overall. A method was developed to quantify 32 sulfonate metabolites using UPLC-MS
An update on wine ageing and sulfonations - Heraklion 2018Panagiotis ArapitsasThe document provides an update on research regarding wine ageing and the formation of sulfonated metabolites, focusing on compounds such as epicatechin, procyanidin B2, tryptophol, and various indole derivatives. It discusses the synthesis, identification, and quantification of numerous metabolites in both red and white wines across different vintages. The findings indicate that aged red wines are characterized by specific sulfonated metabolites, while white and sparkling wines exhibit different profiles.
Wine ChemistryPanagiotis ArapitsasThe document discusses metabolomics, outlining its definitions, methods, and the comprehensive study of small-molecule metabolites in biological systems. It provides details on the composition of wine and the significance of grape aromatic compounds in wine chemistry, including classifications of metabolites. Additionally, it touches on grape sensory analysis and human perception of flavors in wine, with an emphasis on the complexities of fermentation and aging processes.
Food metabolomics Arapitsas 2017Panagiotis ArapitsasThis document discusses various aspects of metabolomics. It defines metabolomics as the comprehensive study of small molecule metabolites in biological systems. It discusses the differences between targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches. It also addresses experimental design considerations for metabolomics studies, including the importance of randomizing samples, keeping sample preparation simple, and organizing metadata and raw data. Minimum reporting standards are outlined for sampling protocols, extraction procedures, chromatography separation methods, and mass spectrometry parameters.
2. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Panagiotis Arapitsas
Oenology and Beverage Technology (TEI of Athens - Greece)
Erasmus University of Turin, Italy
Master in Methods of Synthesis in Organic Chemistry (University of Florence, Italy)
PhD in Food Polyphenols Chemistry (University of Florence, Italy)
Marie Curie – University of Uppsala, Sweden
Researcher at Fondazione E. Mach since 2010
Lecturer at University of Trento since 2019
Lecturer at University of Nova Gorica (Slovenia) since 2021
Lecturer at University of West Attika since 2016
panagiotis.arapitsas@fmach.it
https://sites.google.com/a/fmach.it/wine-metabolomics/
6. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Gawel’s Mouth-feel Wheel
Astringency
• Particulate: Feelings of particulates when you move the wine around in
your mouth, e.g., chalky, grainy.
• Surface Smoothness: The feeling is smooth when the wine is in contact
with your inner mouth skin, e.g., silk, suede.
• Complex: Sensations linked to how pleasing are the astringency and
flavors.
• Drying: Lack of lubrication or moistness resulting in friction between
the oral surfaces.
• Dynamic: The feelings in your mouth changes by contact with the wine,
e.g., chewy, pucker.
• Harsh: Sensations linked to the pleasantness or discomfort elicited by
the red wine mouthfeel, e.g. aggressive.
• Unripe: Describing the perceived maturity of tannins (e.g. green,
resinous)
Αίσθηση
7. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Gawel’s Mouth-feel Wheel
Astringency
• Particulate: Feelings of particulates when you move the wine around in
your mouth, e.g., chalky, grainy.
• Surface Smoothness: The feeling is smooth when the wine is in contact
with your inner mouth skin, e.g., silk, suede.
• Complex: Sensations linked to how pleasing are the astringency and
flavors.
• Drying: The inner mouth feels dry, not lubricated by lack of saliva in
your mouth, e.g., parching.
• Dynamic: The feelings in your mouth changes by contact with the wine,
e.g., chewy, pucker.
• Harsh: Sensations linked to the pleasantness or discomfort elicited by
the red wine mouthfeel, e.g. aggressive.
• Unripe: Describing the perceived maturity of tannins (e.g. green,
resinous)
όραση, όσφρηση, ακοή, αφή και γεύση
Αίσθηση
17. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Συστατικά
Προανθοκυανιδίνες
epicatechin
malvidin glu
caftaric
A-E-T
A-T
A-type vitisin
B-type vitisin
pinotins
O
+
O
O
H
OH
O
OH
O
R
O
+
O
O
H
O
OH
O
R
O
OH
OH
O
+
O
O
H
O
OH
O
R
O
O
+
O
O
H
O
OH
O
R
O
O
O
H
O
O
OH
O
H
OH
OH
OH
O
+
O
O
H
OH
O
OH
O
R
O
OH
O
H
OH
OH
OH
O
+
O
O
H
OH
O
OH
O
R
O
OH
O
H
OH
OH
OH
O
O
O
OH
OH
O
O
R
1
R = glucose
R1 = tartate
24. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Συστατικά
Άλλες φαινόλες
O
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
H
OH
O
OH
O
H
OH
O
H
gallic acid
p-OH-benzoic
acid protocatechic acid
coumaric acid
coutaric acid
fertaric acid
caftaric acid
caffeic acid ferulic acid
coumaric acid ethyl ester caffeic acid ethyl ester gallic acid ethyl ester
27. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Μηχανισμός στης αίσθησης της στυφότητας
Πριν, λίγα λόγια για την πικρή γεύση
Αίσθηση
Συστατικά
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
epicatechin catechin
Η επικατεχίνη είναι πιο πικρή απο την κατεχίνη
28. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Μηχανισμός στης αίσθησης της στυφότητας
Πριν, λίγα λόγια για την πικρή γεύση
Αίσθηση
Συστατικά
Ethyl bridged procyanidins
Οι προκυανιδίνες με «γέφυρα αιθιλίου» είναι πιο πικρές απο τις απλές προκυανιδίνες
mDP ~ 3-5
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
R
R
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
R
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
R
direct linked procyanidins
29. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Μηχανισμός στης αίσθησης της στυφότητας
Πριν, λίγα λόγια για την πικρή γεύση
Αίσθηση
Συστατικά
μονομερή
Όσο αυξάνεται ο πολυμερισμός μειώνεται η πικρότητα
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
R
R
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
R
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
R
R
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
R
διμερή τριμερή
30. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Μηχανισμός στης αίσθησης της στυφότητας
Πριν, λίγα λόγια για την πικρή γεύση
Αίσθηση
Συστατικά
Οι αιθυλεστέρες των φαινολικών οξέων είναι πιο πικροί απο τα αντίστοιχα οξέα
Φαινολικά οξέα
O
OH
O
H
OH
O
H
gallic acid
coumaric acid
caffeic acid
coumaric acid ethyl ester
caffeic acid ethyl ester
gallic acid ethyl ester
Αιθύλεστέρες των φαινολικών οξέων
31. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Μηχανισμός στης αίσθησης της στυφότητας
Πριν, λίγα λόγια για την πικρή γεύση
Αίσθηση
Συστατικά
Ley, J.P. Chem. Percept. (2008)
33. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Μηχανισμός στης αίσθησης
Στυφότητα Αίσθηση
Συστατικά
Soares et al. Molecules (2020)
Bate-Smith (1954) πρότειναν
τον πρώτο μηχανισμό για την
εξήγηση της αντίληψης της
μοριακής στυφότητας,
υποθέτοντας ότι οφείλεται στην
αλληλεπίδραση και καταβύθιση
πρωτεϊνών (σιελογόνου).
Οι πρωτείνες του σάλιου
έχουν χαρακτηριστικά
υψηλή περιεκτικότητα σε
προλίνη (25-42%).
μεγαλύτερη
αλληλεπίδραση συμβαίνει
μεταξύ τανινών με
υψηλότερο βαθμό
πολυμερισμού, μοριακό
βάρος και αριθμό ομάδων
γαλλικού οξέος
34. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Με την αύξηση του πολυμερισμού μειώνεται η πικρή γεύση
(τα διμερή, τρίμερη και τετράμερη είναι περισσότερο πικρά παρά στύφα)
Με το πολυμερισμό των τανινών έχουμε μικρή αύξηση της στυφότητας
(αλλά υψηλός πολυμερισμός μπορεί να μειώσει την στυφότητα)
(το μεγιστό της στυφότητας φαινεταί να έχουν τα 8μερή)
Cheynier et al. ACS Symposium 1997
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
Τα γίγαρτα είναι πιο πλούσια σε τανινές αλλά με μικρότερο βαθμό πολυμερισμού)
Μηχανισμός στης αίσθησης
Στυφότητα Αίσθηση
Συστατικά
36. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Μηχανισμός στης αίσθησης
Στυφότητα Αίσθηση
Συστατικά
Soares et al Molecules 2020
- Οι παρούσια κατεχίνης στα πολυμερή αυξάνει την αλληλεπίδραση με τις PRPs, σε σχέση με την επικατεχίνη
- Οι τανίνες με δέσμο C(4)–C(8) παρουσιάζουν μεγαλύτερη αλληλεπίδραση σε σχέση με τον C(4)–C(6).
38. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Μηχανισμός στης αίσθησης
Στυφότητα Αίσθηση
Συστατικά
- Η αύξηση των γαλλικών οξέων αυξάνει την αλληλεπίδραση με τις PRPs (5)
- 2,3,6-trigalloylglucose μεγαλύτερη αλληλεπίδραση από 2,3,4-trigalloylglucose
- PRPs έχουν μεγαλύτερη επίδραση απο με της προανθοκυανιδίνες σε σχέση με τις υδρολυόμενες τανίνες
39. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Μηχανισμός στης αίσθησης
Στυφότητα Αίσθηση
Συστατικά
Soares et al. Molecules (2020)
Αιθανόλη (4-12%)↓
Αιθανόλη (13%)↑
Υπάρχουν πολυφαινόλες με
στύφοτητα που δεν
καθιζάνουν τις πρωτείνες
60. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Τεχνολόγια
Οίνος
Arapitsas et al. Metabolomics 2015
O
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
S
O
O
-
O
O
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
S
O
O
O
-
O
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
cellar
domestic
cellar
domestic
61. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Τεχνολόγια
Οίνος
Arapitsas et al. Metabolomics 2015
O
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
S
O
O
O
-
O
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
Free SO2
Total SO2
cellar
domestic
cellar
domestic
65. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Τεχνολόγια
Οίνος
Bonaldo et al. Scientific Reports (2020)
O
OH
OH
OH
O
H
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
O
H
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
O
H
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
O
H
OH S
O
O
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
O
H
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
O
H
OH S
O
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
H
OH
S
O
O
O
H
O
OH
OH
OH
O
H
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
O
H
OH
procyanidin B2 (3)
epicatechin (1)
epicatechin 4β-sulfonated (5)
procyanidin B2 4β-sulfonated (6) ent-catechin (9)
SO3H-
+
+
H+
SO3H-
SO3H-
(7)
(8) (10)
+
SO3H-
67. Panagiotis Arapitsas 2021
Τεχνολόγια
Οίνος
Arapitsas et al. Scientific Reports (2018)
red
sparkling
white
sparkling
white
red
ECAT-SO3H
epicatechin-SO3H
PROC-B2-SO3H
procyanidin B2-SO3H
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
H
S
O
O
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
H
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
H
S
O
O
OH