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Mirko Spiroski - Standard Identifiers in Scientific Publishing

Stojan Nikoli
Stojan Nikoli

This document discusses standard identifiers used in scientific publishing such as ISBN, ISSN, DOI, ORCID, and ROR. It explains what each identifier is, how it is assigned and used. The scientific method is also summarized, outlining the typical steps of asking a question, conducting research, developing a hypothesis, experimentation, analysis and communication of results. Standard identifiers help uniquely identify scientific outputs and disambiguate authors, publications and organizations to better track the impact of research.

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Standard Identifiers in Scientific Publishing Mirko Spiroski, MD, PhD Founder and Director of Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
In Short What is Scientific Method? Steps in Scientific Method Whats in an identifier? Scientific Circle International Standard Book Number (ISBN) International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Scopus Affiliation Identifier What is ORCID? What is Research Organization Registry (ROR)? 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 2
What is Scientific Method? Scientific method is mathematical and experimental technique employed in the sciences. More specifically, it is the technique used in the construction and testing of a scientific hypothesis. The process of observing, asking questions, and seeking answers through tests and experiments is not unique to any one field of science, but it is general. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 3
Steps in Scientific Method 1. Ask a Question The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe: How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where? For a science fair project some teachers require that the question be something you can measure, preferably with a number. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 4 1
Steps in Scientific Method 2. Do Background Research Rather than starting from scratch in putting together a plan for answering your question, you want to be a savvy scientist using library and Internet research to help you find the best way to do things and ensure that you don't repeat mistakes from the past. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 5 2
Steps in Scientific Method 3. Construct a Hypothesis A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work. It is an attempt to answer your question with an explanation that can be tested. A good hypothesis allows you to then make a prediction: "If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen." State both your hypothesis and the resulting prediction you will be testing. Predictions must be easy to measure. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 6 3
Steps in Scientific Method 4. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment Your experiment tests whether your prediction is accurate and thus your hypothesis is supported or not. It is important for your experiment to be a fair test. You conduct a fair test by making sure that you change only one factor at a time while keeping all other conditions the same. You should also repeat your experiments several times to make sure that the first results weren't just an accident. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 7 4
Steps in Scientific Method 5. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if they support your hypothesis or not. Scientists often find that their predictions were not accurate and their hypothesis was not supported, and in such cases they will communicate the results of their experiment and then go back and construct a new hypothesis and prediction based on the information they learned during their experiment. This starts much of the process of the scientific method over again. Even if they find that their hypothesis was supported, they may want to test it again in a new way. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 8 5
Steps in Scientific Method 6. Communicate Your Results To complete your science fair project you will communicate your results to others in a final report and/or a display board. Professional scientists do almost exactly the same thing by publishing their final report in a scientific journal or by presenting their results on a poster or during a talk at a scientific meeting. In a science fair, judges are interested in your findings regardless of whether or not they support your original hypothesis. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 9 6
Whats in an identifier? An identifier is an opaque or explicit number or alphanumeric label which is machine or human readable. It uniquely and permanently identifies and retrieves an object, a document, person, place, organization, or any entity, in the real world and on the Internet. Currently, the most well-known permanent identifiers or PIDs (Permanent IDentifiers) are Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs), International Standard Book Numbers (ISBNs), International Standard Serial Numbers (ISSNs), Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID), and Research Organization Registry (ROR). 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 10
Scientific Circle 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 11
Scientific Circle 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 12 People ORCID iD Scopus ResearcherID Outputs ISBN ISSN DOI ArXiv DataCite Organizations ROR GRID FunderID Objects IGSN PDB CASRN DIN CASRN Workflow NCT Clinical Trial
International Standard Book Number (ISBN) The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a 13-digit number that uniquely identifies books and book-like products published internationally. The ISBN is intended for a monographic publication: text that stands on its own as a product, whether printed, audio or electronic. ISBNs are never assigned to music, performances or images, such as art prints or photographs. ISBNs are not assigned to magazines, academic journals or other periodicals. However, if a single issue of a periodical is being sold as a book, then that issue alone may be assigned an ISBN. When participating in the ISBN standard, publishers and self-publishers are required to report all information about titles to which they have assigned ISBNs. For more than thirty years, ISBNs were 10 digits long. On January 1, 2007 the ISBN system switched to a 13-digit format. Now all ISBNs are 13-digits long. If you were assigned 10-digit ISBNs, you can convert them to the 13-digit format at the converter found on the ISBN website. A 10-digit ISBN cannot be converted to 13- digits merely by placing three digits in front of the 10-digit number. There is an algorithm that frequently results in a change of the last digit of the ISBN. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 13
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) An ISSN is an 8-digit code used to identify newspapers, journals, magazines and periodicals of all kinds and on all mediaprint and electronic. Which publications are concerned by an ISSN? An ISSN (International Standard Serial Number) identifies all continuing resources, irrespective of their medium (print or electronic): Newspapers; annual publications (reports, directories, lists, etc.); journals; magazines; collections; websites; databases; blogs,etc. In many countries, an ISSN is mandatory for all publications subject to the legal deposit. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 14
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) What form does an ISSN take? The ISSN takes the form of the acronym ISSN followed by two groups of four digits, separated by a hyphen. The eighth digit is a check digit calculated according to a modulus 11 algorithm on the basis of the 7 preceding digits; this eighth control digit may be an X if the result of the computing is equal to 10, in order to avoid any ambiguity. e. g.: ISSN 0317-8471, ISSN 1050-124X 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 15
ISBN and ISSN in Republic of North Macedonia ISBN, and ISSN are obligation of the publishers and are provided by the National and University Library St. Kliment Ohridski Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia. All books and serials in our country are covered with these standards. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 16
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) A DOI name is a digital identifier of an object, any object physical, digital, or abstract. DOIs solve a common problem: keeping track of things. Things can be matter, material, content, or activities. Designed to be used by humans as well as machines, DOIs identify objects persistently. They allow things to be uniquely identified and accessed reliably. You know what you have, where it is, and others can track it too. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 17
Anatomy of Digital Object Identifier (DOI) 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 18
Location of DOI is usually on the top left corner of the article 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 19
Scopus Affiliation Identifier The Affiliation Identifier distinguishes between affiliations by assigning each affiliation in Scopus a unique number and grouping together all the documents affiliated with an organization. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 20
Macedonian Affiliations Defined in Scopus Affiliation Name Affiliation InstitutionCity Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics 9676 10530Skopje Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Medicine 1815 1815Skopje Goce Delchev University - Stip 1073 1073Stip Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Institute of Chemistry 1024 1024Skopje Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts 981 981Skopje South East European University 690 690Tetovo Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Pharmacy 296 296Skopje St. Kliment Ohridski University 287 287Bitola University of Information Science and Technology St. Paul The Apostle-Ohrid 229 229Ohrid Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Clinic for Children's Diseases Skopje 199 199Skopje University of Tetova 133 133Tetovo AUE-FON University 107 107Skopje Ss Cyril and Methodius University, University Clinical Center Skopje 80 80Skopje OHIS 34 34Skopje European University-Republic of Macedonia 29 29Skopje Macedonian Museum of Natural History 29 29Skopje Electric Power Company of Macedonia 16 16Skopje International Slavic University Gavrilo Romanovich Derzhavin 16 16Sveti Nikole Hydrobiological Institute Macedonia 9 9Ohrid Control and Informatics Division Macedonia 4 4Bitola 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 21
Group of Affiliations for Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 22
Published Papers from Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in the Scopus Database (June 06, 2021) Affiliation Affiliation ID No of Documents No of Authors Documents/ author Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje 60072629 7893 2389 3,30 SS Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje 60072630 1542 812 1,90 SS Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Skopje 60072638 256 70 3,65 Clinic for Children's Diseases, Skopje 60072628 164 43 3,81 University Clinical Center, Skopje 60072639 72 43 1,67 Cumulative Results for all Affiliations from SS Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje Should be officially corrected 9927 3357 3,36 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 23
What is ORCID? 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 24
Three Steps for Registration in ORCID 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 25
Example of Completed ORCID iD 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 26
Example of ORCID iD Connected with the Authors of the Paper 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 27
What is Research Organization Registry (ROR)? The Research Organization Registry (ROR) is a global, community-led registry of open persistent identifiers for research organizations. ROR makes it easy for anyone or any system to disambiguate institution names and connect research organizations to researchers and research outputs. ROR is used in journal publishing systems, data repositories, funder and grant management platforms, open access workflows, and other research infrastructure components to disambiguate institutional affiliations, improve discovery and tracking of research outputs by affiliation, and facilitate OA publishing workflows, among other use cases. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 28
How do Publishers use ROR? Academic publishers use ROR to help ensure that author/reviewer/editor affiliation and funding organization information is entered consistently, so that contributions from users affiliated with or funded by a particular organization can be easily identified. When affiliations and ROR IDs are included in DOI metadata, the entire scholarly community can leverage that information to automate reporting and gain insight into research outputs at the institutional level. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 29
Application of Research Organization Registry (ROR) in a Journal Publication 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 30
Conclusions Authors of scientific papers should register themselves on ORCID, receive ORCID iD, complete requested details, and authorize ORCID for update their publications and reviews. Other Standard Identifiers in Scientific Publishing (ISBN, ISSN, DOI, ROR and others) are responsibility of scientific institutions. More details can be found: https://foundationspiroski.eu/scientometrics/ 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 31

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Mirko Spiroski - Standard Identifiers in Scientific Publishing

  • 1. Standard Identifiers in Scientific Publishing Mirko Spiroski, MD, PhD Founder and Director of Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
  • 2. In Short What is Scientific Method? Steps in Scientific Method Whats in an identifier? Scientific Circle International Standard Book Number (ISBN) International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Scopus Affiliation Identifier What is ORCID? What is Research Organization Registry (ROR)? 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 2
  • 3. What is Scientific Method? Scientific method is mathematical and experimental technique employed in the sciences. More specifically, it is the technique used in the construction and testing of a scientific hypothesis. The process of observing, asking questions, and seeking answers through tests and experiments is not unique to any one field of science, but it is general. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 3
  • 4. Steps in Scientific Method 1. Ask a Question The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe: How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where? For a science fair project some teachers require that the question be something you can measure, preferably with a number. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 4 1
  • 5. Steps in Scientific Method 2. Do Background Research Rather than starting from scratch in putting together a plan for answering your question, you want to be a savvy scientist using library and Internet research to help you find the best way to do things and ensure that you don't repeat mistakes from the past. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 5 2
  • 6. Steps in Scientific Method 3. Construct a Hypothesis A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work. It is an attempt to answer your question with an explanation that can be tested. A good hypothesis allows you to then make a prediction: "If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen." State both your hypothesis and the resulting prediction you will be testing. Predictions must be easy to measure. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 6 3
  • 7. Steps in Scientific Method 4. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment Your experiment tests whether your prediction is accurate and thus your hypothesis is supported or not. It is important for your experiment to be a fair test. You conduct a fair test by making sure that you change only one factor at a time while keeping all other conditions the same. You should also repeat your experiments several times to make sure that the first results weren't just an accident. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 7 4
  • 8. Steps in Scientific Method 5. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if they support your hypothesis or not. Scientists often find that their predictions were not accurate and their hypothesis was not supported, and in such cases they will communicate the results of their experiment and then go back and construct a new hypothesis and prediction based on the information they learned during their experiment. This starts much of the process of the scientific method over again. Even if they find that their hypothesis was supported, they may want to test it again in a new way. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 8 5
  • 9. Steps in Scientific Method 6. Communicate Your Results To complete your science fair project you will communicate your results to others in a final report and/or a display board. Professional scientists do almost exactly the same thing by publishing their final report in a scientific journal or by presenting their results on a poster or during a talk at a scientific meeting. In a science fair, judges are interested in your findings regardless of whether or not they support your original hypothesis. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 9 6
  • 10. Whats in an identifier? An identifier is an opaque or explicit number or alphanumeric label which is machine or human readable. It uniquely and permanently identifies and retrieves an object, a document, person, place, organization, or any entity, in the real world and on the Internet. Currently, the most well-known permanent identifiers or PIDs (Permanent IDentifiers) are Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs), International Standard Book Numbers (ISBNs), International Standard Serial Numbers (ISSNs), Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID), and Research Organization Registry (ROR). 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 10
  • 12. Scientific Circle 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 12 People ORCID iD Scopus ResearcherID Outputs ISBN ISSN DOI ArXiv DataCite Organizations ROR GRID FunderID Objects IGSN PDB CASRN DIN CASRN Workflow NCT Clinical Trial
  • 13. International Standard Book Number (ISBN) The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a 13-digit number that uniquely identifies books and book-like products published internationally. The ISBN is intended for a monographic publication: text that stands on its own as a product, whether printed, audio or electronic. ISBNs are never assigned to music, performances or images, such as art prints or photographs. ISBNs are not assigned to magazines, academic journals or other periodicals. However, if a single issue of a periodical is being sold as a book, then that issue alone may be assigned an ISBN. When participating in the ISBN standard, publishers and self-publishers are required to report all information about titles to which they have assigned ISBNs. For more than thirty years, ISBNs were 10 digits long. On January 1, 2007 the ISBN system switched to a 13-digit format. Now all ISBNs are 13-digits long. If you were assigned 10-digit ISBNs, you can convert them to the 13-digit format at the converter found on the ISBN website. A 10-digit ISBN cannot be converted to 13- digits merely by placing three digits in front of the 10-digit number. There is an algorithm that frequently results in a change of the last digit of the ISBN. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 13
  • 14. International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) An ISSN is an 8-digit code used to identify newspapers, journals, magazines and periodicals of all kinds and on all mediaprint and electronic. Which publications are concerned by an ISSN? An ISSN (International Standard Serial Number) identifies all continuing resources, irrespective of their medium (print or electronic): Newspapers; annual publications (reports, directories, lists, etc.); journals; magazines; collections; websites; databases; blogs,etc. In many countries, an ISSN is mandatory for all publications subject to the legal deposit. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 14
  • 15. International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) What form does an ISSN take? The ISSN takes the form of the acronym ISSN followed by two groups of four digits, separated by a hyphen. The eighth digit is a check digit calculated according to a modulus 11 algorithm on the basis of the 7 preceding digits; this eighth control digit may be an X if the result of the computing is equal to 10, in order to avoid any ambiguity. e. g.: ISSN 0317-8471, ISSN 1050-124X 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 15
  • 16. ISBN and ISSN in Republic of North Macedonia ISBN, and ISSN are obligation of the publishers and are provided by the National and University Library St. Kliment Ohridski Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia. All books and serials in our country are covered with these standards. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 16
  • 17. Digital Object Identifier (DOI) A DOI name is a digital identifier of an object, any object physical, digital, or abstract. DOIs solve a common problem: keeping track of things. Things can be matter, material, content, or activities. Designed to be used by humans as well as machines, DOIs identify objects persistently. They allow things to be uniquely identified and accessed reliably. You know what you have, where it is, and others can track it too. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 17
  • 18. Anatomy of Digital Object Identifier (DOI) 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 18
  • 19. Location of DOI is usually on the top left corner of the article 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 19
  • 20. Scopus Affiliation Identifier The Affiliation Identifier distinguishes between affiliations by assigning each affiliation in Scopus a unique number and grouping together all the documents affiliated with an organization. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 20
  • 21. Macedonian Affiliations Defined in Scopus Affiliation Name Affiliation InstitutionCity Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics 9676 10530Skopje Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Medicine 1815 1815Skopje Goce Delchev University - Stip 1073 1073Stip Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Institute of Chemistry 1024 1024Skopje Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts 981 981Skopje South East European University 690 690Tetovo Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Pharmacy 296 296Skopje St. Kliment Ohridski University 287 287Bitola University of Information Science and Technology St. Paul The Apostle-Ohrid 229 229Ohrid Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Clinic for Children's Diseases Skopje 199 199Skopje University of Tetova 133 133Tetovo AUE-FON University 107 107Skopje Ss Cyril and Methodius University, University Clinical Center Skopje 80 80Skopje OHIS 34 34Skopje European University-Republic of Macedonia 29 29Skopje Macedonian Museum of Natural History 29 29Skopje Electric Power Company of Macedonia 16 16Skopje International Slavic University Gavrilo Romanovich Derzhavin 16 16Sveti Nikole Hydrobiological Institute Macedonia 9 9Ohrid Control and Informatics Division Macedonia 4 4Bitola 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 21
  • 22. Group of Affiliations for Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 22
  • 23. Published Papers from Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in the Scopus Database (June 06, 2021) Affiliation Affiliation ID No of Documents No of Authors Documents/ author Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje 60072629 7893 2389 3,30 SS Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje 60072630 1542 812 1,90 SS Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Skopje 60072638 256 70 3,65 Clinic for Children's Diseases, Skopje 60072628 164 43 3,81 University Clinical Center, Skopje 60072639 72 43 1,67 Cumulative Results for all Affiliations from SS Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje Should be officially corrected 9927 3357 3,36 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 23
  • 24. What is ORCID? 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 24
  • 25. Three Steps for Registration in ORCID 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 25
  • 26. Example of Completed ORCID iD 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 26
  • 27. Example of ORCID iD Connected with the Authors of the Paper 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 27
  • 28. What is Research Organization Registry (ROR)? The Research Organization Registry (ROR) is a global, community-led registry of open persistent identifiers for research organizations. ROR makes it easy for anyone or any system to disambiguate institution names and connect research organizations to researchers and research outputs. ROR is used in journal publishing systems, data repositories, funder and grant management platforms, open access workflows, and other research infrastructure components to disambiguate institutional affiliations, improve discovery and tracking of research outputs by affiliation, and facilitate OA publishing workflows, among other use cases. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 28
  • 29. How do Publishers use ROR? Academic publishers use ROR to help ensure that author/reviewer/editor affiliation and funding organization information is entered consistently, so that contributions from users affiliated with or funded by a particular organization can be easily identified. When affiliations and ROR IDs are included in DOI metadata, the entire scholarly community can leverage that information to automate reporting and gain insight into research outputs at the institutional level. 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 29
  • 30. Application of Research Organization Registry (ROR) in a Journal Publication 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 30
  • 31. Conclusions Authors of scientific papers should register themselves on ORCID, receive ORCID iD, complete requested details, and authorize ORCID for update their publications and reviews. Other Standard Identifiers in Scientific Publishing (ISBN, ISSN, DOI, ROR and others) are responsibility of scientific institutions. More details can be found: https://foundationspiroski.eu/scientometrics/ 10/20/2023 Scientometrics, 2023 31