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significance antiquity concept origin meaning features early rulers early history main postulates agriculture nature content decline sources discovery early kings sacrifices skandagupta trade and commerce backdrop legacy weak successors gandhar kusana accession to throne development chalukya succession prabhakarvardhan rajyavardhan sarnath inscription dahar aihole prashasti karkota dynasty durlabhvardhan lalitaditya muktapeedh sindh types samudragupta guilds types of sons avatarvaad chandragupta ii kumargupta i huna attack bhaktiyoga gupta vakataka relations kashi rules account of wasaf types of marriage decline of pandyas yadavas homeland accounts of marco polo eligibilty for bride pandyas and malik kafur eligibility for groom legal rights in marriage pandyas and hoyasalas yadavas & hoyasals yadavas & kakatiyas khiljis & yadavas yadavas and gujrat chaulukyas ramchandra krishna yadavas & parmaras yadavas & shilaharas yadavas and kalyani chalukyas vengi chalukyas founder important rulers mahadeva simgham ii bhillam v vengi chalukyas and rashtrakut vengi chalukyas and cholas seyun vengi chalukya & kalyani chalu vivaah funerary rites regional diversities overview early vedic period early vedic gods classification of gods important gods later vedic religion upanishadic philosophy vakatakas vidarbha panchdevopasana evidence number of avatars avatar in art teachings of bhagwat gita karmayog gyanyoga daan streedhan definitin right to streedhan inheritence of streedhan law of ownership parigrah adhigam dharma sources of dharma types of dharma primitive religion periods involved general features indian context indus valley civilization indus religion dieties ritualistic component festivals feudalism occupations trade ecommerce rise of feudalism urbanisation and economy fucntions guilds across various historical periods role of political conditions in rise of indo roman routes commodities of exchange port sites decline of indo roman trade maritime trade maritime trade in indus valley civilization maritime trade in vedic period maritime trade in historical period ports and markets impact of maritime trade land ownership in ancient india gupta dynasty chandragupat i decline of guptas vakataka kings branches of vakatakas decline of vakatakas later guptas monarchs later gupta and maukharies fall of later gupta dynasty maukharies of kannauj later guptas and maukharies decline of maukharies banking in ancient india main tenets of banking in ancient india antiquity of banking in india types of banking in ancient india guilds as banks functions of banking early medieval economy historical development of concept of land ownershi rajendra i rajadhiraj i decline of cholas inheritence uttaradhikar rikthaharan mitakshara dayabhag inheritance of sons pandyas phases of pandyan history earl rulers pandya-pallava relations pandya chola relations pandya and sri lanka second pandya empire marvarman sunderpandya i jatavarman sundar pandya marvarman kulshekhar pandyas and cholas land revenue laws taxation types of taxes laws of taxation harshavardhan lumbini pillar inscription mehrauli inscription besnagar pillar inscription kashmir chacha muhammad bin kasim's attack on chalukyas of badami pallavas imperial pallavas simhavishnu mahendravarman i\ narsimhavarman i vijayalaya line rajaraja i elements of daan xerexes hidu tributes impact mauryas origin of mauryas chandragupta maurya accession chandragupta maurya and nandas chandragupta and seleucos extent of empire diplomatic relatios ashoka kalinga war extension of empire diplomatic relations ashoka and dhamma ccontributions of ashoka decline of mauryas drained economy brahaminical coup administrative failures end of mauryan empire buddhist images themes in mathura art themes in gandhar art brahamanical images jain images aayaga patta comparison mathur- gandhar mauryan art question of influence architectural remains mauryan palace pillared hall bulandibagh kumrahara ashokan pillars capitals didarganj yakshi mauryan yakshas mauryan rock cut caves barabar caves persian cyrus ii darius i coup by pushyamitra euthydemas branch eucratides branch impact of indo greeks on india chedis history mahameghaavahan kharvela of kalinga hathigumpha inscription kharvela and jainism original homeland chandragupta i decline of gupta empire saka kshatrapas chastan rudradaman nahpana bhumak kujul vim kanishka huvishka vasudeva revolt in vidarbha greek attack identity of invader battlefield consequences ashvamedha yajna succession after pushyamitra diplomatic relations in sunga kanva dynasty indo parthian pahalava sources of information pahalavas in indian literature vonones gondophernes decline of pahalavas indo greeks who are indo greeks demetrius greek invasion in india menander meanande and greek invasion menaner and buddhism contribution aftermath history of kashmir successors centers of education nalanda taxila vikramshila yashovarman of kannauj rise of kannauj conquests kannauj & kashmir vaishnavism vaishnavism in gupta period chaturvyuh vrishni veer pooja panchratra bhakti lumbini inscription mehrauli pillar inscription context besnagar inscription kahom inscription madra tirth number gaya prayag vrat education in ancient india aims of education subject matter of education teacher taught relationship guru shishya sambandh practicality exceptions expectations subsects goddesses sub sects pushyabhuti dynasty kannauj harshvardhan shashanka chach arab attack on deval mh bin kasim purpose kosal vasta avanti anga governance rise of magadh haryanaka dynasty bimbisar ajatshatru lichchhavi shishunaga dynasty nanda dynasty mahapadamanad dhananand macedonia greek alexander aambhi porus battle of hydaspes aftermath of battle impact of greek invasion mathura chalukyas pulkesin ii ravikirti indus valley architecture great bath granary dockyard fortification sanitation streets and lanes houses public buildings pillars primitive art cupules mesolithic rock art types of rock art themes of rock art distribution of rock art political conditions in 6th bc republics mahajanpadas characterstic features