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waste environment sustainability energy emissions environmental climate change wte ricardo-aea ricardo electric vehicles green growth low carbon transport hybrid vehicles sustainable transport low carbon vehicles lca european commission decarbonizing transport battery technology environmental impact policy cost projections life cycle analysis innovation asia van co2 reduction transport technologies biological treatment waste management thermal treatment economic assessment landfill resource efficiency indc cop21 costs leet projections co2 reduction iea car co2 reduction electric vehicle csr infrastructure van co2 car co2 competitiveness ev transport co2 emissions life-cycle assessment economic analysis policy design advanced biofuel second generation biofuel biofuel conversion biofuel feedstocks lignocellulosic microalgae biofuel production ict evs r&d international maritime organization eedi hybrid vehicle embedded emissions car co2 labels car labels car co2 labeling car co2 labelling car co2 label car labelling green cars car label co2 consumer information transport data collection carbon trading trb transportation europe cost assessment transport modelling maritime low carbon shipping imo shipping ghgs shipping co2 electric cars cost benefit low carbon cars green jobs policy framework transport ghg policy transport co2 model transport efficiency model sultan model upstream emissions regulation pyrolysis gasification solid recovered fuel mechanical biological treatment biomass srf rdf mrf refuse derived fuel mbt in-vessel composting composting ad anaerobic digestion windrow composting biodegradable waste landfill gas residual waste waste hierarchy economics resource global cities mitigation climate policy financing finance developers development power purchase agreements expenditure capital revenue capex communication public engagement health social wrate environmental impacts recycling china electric vehiclerickshaws india 2-wheelers cost data two wheelers electric bikes motorcycles e-bikes motorbikes car co2 targets vehicle efficiency car co2 targets cost savings committee on climate change automotive demand side measures efficient transport behavior change transport efficiency global mega trends intended nationally determined contributions mrv ricardo energy & environment oecd retail plastics bags uk companies european union eu corporate responsibility corporate social responsibility business united nations carbon management corporate sustainability un closed loop