While humans and experimental animals develop adaptive immune responses to M. tuberculosis antigens after infection, the bacteria persist, indicating that M. tuberculosis has effective mechanisms for evading immunity. In other infectious diseases, antigen-specific immune responses select for pathogen antigenic variants that exhibit sequence diversity. Such antigenic variation allows escape mutants to survive adaptive immune responses; whether M. tuberculosis utilizes this mechanism as a means of immune evasion and persistence has not been determined. While substantial efforts have identified numerous epitopes from M. tuberculosis that are recognized by human T cells, the effects of human...