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climate change urban flooding cost benefit analysis climate adaptation green infrastructure design standards benefit cost ratio flood damage extreme rainfall infrastructure flood control cba roi low impact development flood risk extreme weather hydrology flood sanitary sewer idf curve cost effectiveness return on investment rainfall intensity grey infrastructure swmp bmp ontario resiliency lid gis urbanization intensity-duration-frequency uncertainty storm sewer floodplain capital cost overland flooding dual drainage dmaf disaster mitigation adaptation fund inflow and infiltration evidence-based water quality prioritization erosion mitigation stormwater management environment and climate change canada gsi basement flooding insurance loss toronto lost rivers trends gi riverine flooding wastewater asset management lifecycle cost i&i intensification extraneous flow operation and maintenance cost hydraulics o&m safety factor environment canada strategy major drainage insured losses flood losses triple bottom line pluvial flooding impervious risk management best practices water balance policy urban development strategic planning stormwater storm intensity geographic information system major drainage design ibc idf operating cost risk hyetograph flash flood risk assessment cost-effectiveness stress test flood mitigation global warming best management practice green infrastructure cost flood plain sewer back-up wetlands natural infrastructure sewer surcharge rainfall frequency national research council archydro precipitation snowpack rainfall runoff volume snowmelt runoff coefficient flood insurance overland flow 3d model arcscene arcgis fluvial flooding insurance resilience sustainability municipal infrastructure annual maximum series ams engineering climate datasets idf files insurance bureau of canada telling the weather story eccc sewer backup urban watershed rural watershed al gore inconvenient sequel inconvenient truth severe weather tangible losses intangible losses regulation basement vulnerable canada guideline flash overland peril back-up cost drainage endoresement urban source control at-source iclr idf curves wet weather flow foundation drain lot grading mecp riparian flooding surcharge made-in-ontario environment plan floor drain sewer back up downspout disconnection pluvial backwater valve financing design standard adaptation budgeting nrc intensity duration frequency i-d-f bca uninsured clausius-clapeyron ecosystem services natural assets wetland summer flooding spring flooding temperature streamflow class ea class environmental assessment enhanced assets environmental assessment risk screening insurance rates flood density risk mapping programming cost efficiency asset management plan city of markham climate change adaptation erosion sustainable development tender cost long-term cost ombudsman cbc bioswales row opwa right of way flow monitoring impervious surfaces development hydrologic cycle infiltration recharge water budget baseflow swm financial analysis special policy area intact centre on climate adaptation waterloo geographic information systems feasibility flood storage flood attenuation engineered assets willingness to pay cost benefit holistic remediation engineering design level of service rain gauge 100 year storm 100 year 100-year return period rain pattern sewer design master plan pcswmm adapatation 2d 1d performance cwra mnrf civil engineering flood claim ministry of the environment and climate change life cycle cost depreciation swp lcc low impact development cost infoworks inflow & infiltration i/i sewer system collection system clearance freeboard downscaling climate projection design pipe bridge culvert future idf design method design approach infrastructure canada flood prevention environment plan