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nethravathi siri genetics polytene chromosomes salivary gland chromosomes drosophila melanogaster cancer gene frequency scanning electron microscope [sem] transmission electron microscope [tem] fluorescent microscope phase-contrast microscope female selection dominant epistasis recessive epistasis optical parts coat color in mice yoga comb pattern in poultry meditation pranayama grain color in maize mechanical parts generic construction of microscope resolving power lampbrush chromosomes • production aecc environmental studies international agreements transgenic animal lateral loops knockout mouse fluroscent transgenic animals application special chromosomes holokinetic chromosomes b-chromosomes indian science tradition india cholesterol reduction chromium vitamin c ayurveda therapy transcription supernumerary chromosomes maize mrna grass hopper b chromosomes accessory chromosomes ellipsoidal chromomeres rose x pea rrpp x rrpp walnut rrpp fruit color in cucurbita pepo purple x white rrpp x rrpp purple rrpp flower color in lathyrus odoratus non- epistasis complementary gene interaction epistasis supplementary gene interaction gene interactions • bateson 2. inter-allelic gene interactions 1. intra- allelic gene interactions problems erythroblastosis foetalis fisher-race theory wiener theory rho k landsteiner rh factor abo blood groups allele multiple alleles synthetic dna sequence genome genetics synthetic biology convention on biologival diversity kyoto protocol montreal protocol structure of lampbrush chromosomes transgene transfection microinjection embryonic stem cell method positive and negative selection theories of cancer genesis confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm) marvin minsky pinhole aperture x-z and y-z planes interaction of genes culture media culturing of d.melanogaster importance of virgin females f1 generation reciprocal cross square yaniv hakim axon pruning weizmann institute of science mushroom body in drosophila brain. astrocytes play a key role in drosophila mushroom facebook gooseberry medicine synthetic genomics john craig venter human health radiation pollution oncogenes tumor suppressor genes immunotheraphy experiment transgenic organism jacob monod operon lac i lac operon inducible operon hth motif importance of virgin flies disruptive selection white eyed males red eyed females fleming • (amphibians) oocytes • test tube brush chromosomes’ • diplotene stage (meiosis-prophase-i) • chromomeres • test tube chromosomes chi sex-linked inheritance dna methylation and diet polyphenism environment and genetics larval anatomy puffs endoreduplication dipterans diplotene stage chromocentre balbani ecdysone giant chromosome chromonemata active site for transcription bridges cytological studies scaffold 300nm radial loops of 30-nm fibre and metaphase chromoso introduction of crossing over somatic crossing over germinal crossing over measurement of radioactivity - geiger muller [gm] scintillation counter isotope 2. radioactive isotope special types of chromosome . giant chromosome polytene chromosome chromosomal puffs /balbiani rings lampbrush chromosomes ellipsoidal chromomeres. matrix is asymmetrical . b chromosome vitamins the history of microscopes use of microscopes in cytology magnificaton zernike microscope. advantages working principle applications comparative account on different types of microsco source of illumination samplevisualization condens gene interaction complementary gene interaction (9:7) supplementary gene interaction (9:3:4) epistasis gene interaction non- epistasis gene interaction (9:3:3:1) nucleosome model of chromosome lowest level of chromosome organization linker dna water-soluble vitamins neo-darwinism / synthetic theory (modern theory of evolution . evolution at molecular level: nucleotide sequenc molecular phylogenetic tre speciatio speciation allopatric speciation sympatric speciation premating isolating mechanisms post mating isolating mechanisms quantitative inheritance kernel color in wheat major branches of genetics introduction to genetics human genetics holistic holistic health gene expression fat soluble vitamins molecular mechanism of crossing over holiday mode transcription in eukaryote prokaryotic trancription eukaryotic transcriptio eukaryotic rna polymerase promoters 2. enhancers (uas) 3. silencers 4. insulators retro transposons (class i elements) copia elements “jumping genes fermenter history of fermenter characteristic features of a fermenter construction of a typical fermenter lamarckism darwinism mutation theory central dogma linkage group- drosophila maize and man types of linkage-complete linkage and incomplete l factors affecting linkage- distance between genes age temperature radiation sex chemicals and nutrition significance of linkage • bateson & punnett • thomas h morgan hutchinson linkage groups in humans linkage groups in drosophila melanogaster 3. linkage groups in maize (zea mays) the number of linkage groups present in an individ black x albino ccaa x ccaa agouti ccaa white x yellow wwyy x wwyy white wwyy white x white ccpp x ccpp purple ccpp history of microscopy applications of microscopes principle: magnification and resolving power magnifying power limit of resolution (d) simple microscope compound microscope brightfield microscopes darkfield microscopes stereo microscope electron microscope preparation of the specimen for tem linkage linkage group t h morgan’s experiment for complete linkage in ma lysosome functional cycle lytic enzyymes 1. nucleases proteases 3. glycosidases 4. phosphatases 5. lipases 6. sulphatases protein factory of the cell. ultrastructure and composition of ribosome occurrence of ribosomes discovery of ribosomes functions of ribosomes ribosomes microbodies or microsomes peroxisomes ultrastructure and composition golgi complex ultrastructure chemical composition and functions camillo golgi 1. cisternae 2. tubules 3. golgi vesicles 4. larg • secretion of proteins synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins protein targeting lipid packaging and secretion formation of primary lysosomes lysosomes christian de duve responsible mainly for intracellular and extracell occurrence lysosomal associated membrane proteins (lamp) lysosomal integral membrane proteins (limp). 50 enzymes functions of peroxisomes