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This document presents a proposed study on rural women entrepreneurs engaged in shea butter processing in Niger State, Nigeria. Shea butter production is an important industry for women in West Africa, but faces challenges such as lack of protection for shea trees, inadequate processing equipment and training, and weak governance. The proposed study aims to understand how local development initiatives (LDIs) like business networks and community organizations help promote and sustain the shea industry. Through interviews and observations of shea nut collectors, processors, traders and others, the study will explore how LDIs protect shea trees, promote business, and strengthen supply chains, as well as how women's experiences influence these initiatives.
BREC
- 1. Rural Womens Development: A Multiple Case Study of Rural Women Entrepreneurs Engaged in Shea Butter Processing in Niger State, Nigeria 22ndnd Borneo Research Education ConferenceBorneo Research Education Conference 2626thth -27-27thth August 2014August 2014 Presentation By:Presentation By: Sidikat ShituSidikat Shitu PhD Entrepreneurship Candidate,PhD Entrepreneurship Candidate, Faculty of Economics and Business,Faculty of Economics and Business, Universiti Malaysia SarawakUniversiti Malaysia Sarawak Supervisor 1: Dr Rohaya Mohd-Nor Supervisor 2: Dr Mahani Muhammad Abdul Shakur
- 2. BACKGROUND OF THEBACKGROUND OF THE PROPOSED STUDYPROPOSED STUDY Grows in 21 Sub-Saharan African Countries Parklands 2.64 million Km2 Grows in 18 states in Nigeria Maturity age 15-30 years Life-Span 100 years+ SHEA TREE
- 4. SHEA NUTSHEA NUT SHEA KERNELSHEA KERNEL
- 5. SHEA BUTTER, THE AFRICAN WOMENS GOLD
- 8. MAP OF NIGERIA Population 3.9million 25 L.G.A
- 9. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Nigeria is the largest producer of shea nuts but has failed tremendously in exploiting the potentials in the shea trees by not being able to properly export shea butter (Lovett 2004, Osibo 2013) Source: FAO 2010
- 10. The value and supply chain of the shea sub-sector in Nigeria is marred by a lot of challenges such as lack of protection for shea trees, quantity and quality of processing, inadequate processing equipments, inadequate information and logistic issues, inadequate training and knowledge, weak governance and control mechanism, difficulty forming viable business networks ( Kuchi 2010, Kontagora 2012) ..cont.
- 12. TRADITIONAL PROCESSSING PRODUCTION COLLECTION MODERN PROCESSING PACKAGING FOR EXPORT SOLD AT DOMESTIC MARKET FOR CONSUMPTION REFINED & PACKAGEDREFINED & PACKAGED FOR DISTRIBUTION &FOR DISTRIBUTION & CONSUMPTIONCONSUMPTION 1212 Photos from Google image Key players INTERNAL ACTORS Entrepreneurs Business players in the local industry Communities EXTERNAL ACTORS Government NGOs Development agencies Financial institutions Global market players VALUE & SUPPLY CHAIN
- 13. The shea sub-sector in Nigeria has attracted various local and international development agencies such as the FADAMA a Federal Govt/ State Govt/World Bank Assisted Programme, NGOs, GIZ , NSEPC , but still the sector has not been developed to its full potential. None of the published literature on shea has looked into understanding how the LDIs of the Shea producing communities functions in Nigeria. Traditionally communities rely basically on their own Local Development Initiatives (LDIs) to promote and sustain the shea industry. ..cont.
- 14. What are the Local Development Initiatives (LDIs) The LDIs include Business Network Initiatives Community Based Organizations
- 15. The main crux in this proposed research is to explore and understand how communities utilize their Local Development Initiatives (LDIs) to promote and sustain the shea industry. The specific objectives are as follows 1. To understand how the local development initiatives (LDIs) function in terms of protecting shea trees promoting business networks Strengthening value chain and supply chain 2. To explore and collect womens experiences in shea enterprise and to understand how those experiences influence the local development initiatives (LDIs) OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSED STUDY
- 16. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. How is the local development initiatives used to protect the Shea trees, promote business networks and strengthen the value chain and supply chain of shea butter 2. how has the women experiences influenced local development initiatives.
- 17. PURPOSE OF THIS PROPOSED RESEARCHPURPOSE OF THIS PROPOSED RESEARCH The purpose of the proposed study isThe purpose of the proposed study is to conduct a multiple case-studyto conduct a multiple case-study research to explore the LDIs of theresearch to explore the LDIs of the shea producing communities i.e theshea producing communities i.e the development coming from the peopledevelopment coming from the people themselves which has somethemselves which has some innovative features that can be usedinnovative features that can be used to transform rural entrepreneurshipto transform rural entrepreneurship and womens developmentand womens development
- 18. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Social Capital Theory will be used to describe how LDIs function among actors involved in the shea industry. Its about networks of relationships that exist among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. Actor Network Theory will be used to explain the relationship that exist between technology and envoironment (non-human actants) and the human actants in the shea industry propounded by Michel Callon (1991) and Bruno Latour (1992); John Law; others. ANT treats objects as part of social network The Social Capital Theory and Actor Network Theory will be applied to this study
- 19. LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW Some Empirical articles related to my workSome Empirical articles related to my work S/N AUTHORS YEA R RESEARCH TITLE METHODOLOGY FINDINGS 1 Simon et al. 2014 The Socio-Economic Contribution Of Small-Scale Industries To Livelihood Of Womenin The Shea Butter Industry In The Wa Municipality Case study approach Women are key actors constrained by low access to finance and are exposed to health hazards 2 Jibreel et al. 2013 Shea butter and its processing impacts on the environment in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana Interviews, FGD, field Observation Semi-mechanised system is more suitable 3 Mohammed et al. 2013 Effects Of Adoption Of Improved Sheabutter Processing Technology On Womens Livelihoods And Their Microenterprise Growth Difference-in- difference (DID) approach Economic power of improve technology adopters increased 4 Okiror et al. 2012 On-Farm Management Of Vitellaria Paradoxa C. F. Gaertn. In Amuria District, Eastern Uganda Structured questinnaire Families are vthe protectors of shea trees on family farms 5 Ademola et al. 2012 ASSESSMENT OF SHEA BUTTER PROCESSING AMONG RURAL DWELLERS IN ATISBO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE, NIGERIA Multistage sampling Shea processors are mainly female with no formal education
- 20. METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY Qualitative Research Method: it is other wise known as real-world inquiry (Robson, 2011). In another vein (Lee et al., 2007) explained that qualitative research allows prolonged contact with the participants, which allows the researcher to gain insight into the perception of the actors from the inside.
- 21. RESEARCH STRATEGYRESEARCH STRATEGY The research Strategy will be Multiple Case Study. The case study method is used to understand complex social phenomenon (Yin, 2003) also it has the strength to examine, in-depth a case within its real life context (Yin, 2004).
- 22. Study SampleStudy Sample The sample for this proposed study will be as follows: The shea community Shea nut collectors Shea butter processors local buying agents Shea traders (rural market women)
- 23. TIME FRAME 6 months proposed fieldwork
- 24. DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUEDATA GATHERING TECHNIQUE Participant observations (immersion of researcher into the processing of shea butter and writing field notes) Story telling ( a narrative approach shall be employed to elicit stories of the womens experiences in their business venture) In-depth interviews (unstructured and semi-structured interviews, exploratory interviews and focus group discussions which will be conversational) Journal keeping (priority will be given to: videotaping and picture taking as well as voice recording and text writing)
- 25. DATA ANALYSISDATA ANALYSIS This study will employ the use of Cross-case comparison coupled with thematic data analysis, which will be guided by emic views of the study participants i.e by using inductive coding approach. For the purpose of convenience, the researcher will employ the use of Nvivo as the Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software for the purpose of classifying, sorting and analysing data in this proposed research.
- 26. SELECTED REFERENCESSELECTED REFERENCES Al-hassan, S. (2012). Market Access Capacity of Women Shea Processors in Ghana. European Journal of Business & Management, 4(6). Hall, J. B., Aebischer, D. P., Tomlinson, H. F., Osei-Amaning, E. and Hindle, J. R. (1996). Vitellaria paradoxa: A Monograph. Publication Number 8. Bangor: School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales. Holtzman, John (2004) . The Shea Butter Value Chain. Study Synthesis and Recommendations for WATH. WATH Technical Report No.1. Takyi-Asiedu, S. (1993). Some socio-cultural factors retarding entrepreneurial activity in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(2), 91-98. Van Der Kerchove, Laura (2011). Governance and Upgrading of Shea Value-Chains: Experiences from Country Cases Studies and Global Value Chain Mapping. Webber, C. Martin; P. Labaste (2010). Building Competitiveness in Africas Agriculture A Guide to Value Chain Concepts and Applications. Putnam, R. (1993). The prosperous community: Social capital and public life. In E. Ostrom & T. Ahn (Eds.), Foundations of social capital (pp. 529536). Cheltenham: Elgar. Yin, R. K. (2003). Applications of case study research (applied social research Methods). Series, 4th edn. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Yin, R. K. (Ed.). (2004). The case study anthology. Sage. Images are collected from Google image 2626