This document discusses the fundamentals of machining tools used in turning operations. It covers key cutting parameters and tool geometry concepts such as rake angle, lip angle, relief angle, and cutting edge angle. The document also describes orthogonal and oblique cutting as well as tool nomenclature standards including the ISO system for defining tool angles using reference planes and coordinate axes.
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This system is also known as ISO – old.
The planes of reference and the co-ordinate axes used for expressing the tool angles
Orthogonal Rake System – ORS
i- -θs-θe-Ce-rn
(Angle of inclination-normal rake angle-side relief angle-end relief angle—end
cutting edge angle-approach angle)