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- 1. PANORAMA OF THE European Union EUROPEAN UNION
- 2. W H AT I S T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N ? EUROPEANS UNITED IN DIVERSITY The European Union (EU) is a family of democratic European countries, committed to working together for peace and prosperity. It is not a State intended to replace existing states, but it is more than any other international organisation. The EU is, in fact, unique. Its Member States have set up common institutions to which they delegate some of their sovereignty so that decisions on specific matters of joint interest can be made democratically at European level. The historical roots of the European Union lie in the Second World War. The idea of European integration was conceived to prevent such killing and destruction from ever happening again. It was first proposed by the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman in a speech on 9 May 1950. This date, the birthday of what is now the EU, is celebrated annually as Europe Day. In the early years, much of the cooperation between EU countries was about trade and the economy, but now the EU also deals with many other subjects of direct importance for our everyday life. Europe is a continent with many different traditions and languages, but also with shared values. The EU defends these values. It fosters cooperation among the peoples of Europe, promoting unity while preserving diversity and ensuring that decisions are taken as close as possible to the citizens. In the increasingly interdependent world of the 21st century, it will be even more necessary for every European citizen to cooperate with people from other countries in a spirit of curiosity, tolerance and solidarity. NA-46-02-638-EN-D European Commission Directorate-General for Press and Communication Publications B-1049 Brussels Manuscript completed in April 2003 Publications Office 息 European Communities, 2003 Publications.eu.int Reproduction is authorised
- 3. FREE TO MOVE You can travel, study and work wherever you want in the 15 European Union countries, if you are an EU citizen. The EU EURO is working constantly to give its citizens greater freedom of A SINGLE CURRENCY movement as a fundamental right and to get rid of all discri- mination based on nationality. FOR EUROPEANS In most of the EU you can travel The euro is the name of the without carrying a passport and single European currency that without being stopped for was put into circulation on checks at the borders. With very 1 January 2002. The symbol of few exceptions, you may buy the euro is . anything you want anywhere The euro has replaced the you want and take it all back old national currencies in home with you. 12 European Union countries: The EU does not decide what Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, you learn in school, but it does Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, work to ensure that your Luxembourg, the Netherlands, educational and professional Portugal and Spain. qualifications are properly Having a single currency makes recognised in other EU it easier to travel and to compare countries. The EU is working to prices, and it provides a stable provide access to learning environment for European opportunities for everyone, at business, stimulating growth home and abroad, through and competitiveness. partnerships and exchange schemes and by removing bureaucratic obstacles. Over a million young people have taken advantage of EU programmes, such as Erasmus, to pursue their studies and personal development in another European country.
- 4. KEEPING THE PEACE War between EU countries is now unthinkable, thanks to the unity that has been built up between them over the last 50 years. Given this success, the EU is now increasingly involved in preserving peace and creating stability in neighbouring countries. The European Union wants to prevent conflicts. The EU is the biggest donor of financial assistance to troubled places in the world. It is active in peacekeeping and peacemaking actions, and it runs many projects that help to make human rights and democracy succeed in practical terms. To enable its Member States to speak and act in unison on the world stage, the EU is developing its common foreign and security policy and there are plans for more cooperation on defence questions. AN AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE We all want safety and security in our lives. Some of the unrest that might threaten everyday life in our local neighbourhood has international roots, and European countries are making a joint effort to tackle these problems. They include international terrorism, drug trafficking and abuse, trafficking in human beings and the illegal exploitation of foreign women for prostitution. The EU countries are determined to fight these evils by adopting common rules and through cooperation between their police, customs and law courts. The EU also plays a role in asylum and migration policy. It guarantees respect for the right to seek asylum. At the same time, the EU countries are coordinating their policies for refugees and trying to tackle the problem at source by combating poverty and preventing conflicts in the countries from which people might want to flee.
- 5. FEWER FRONTIERS: AN INFORMATION MORE JOBS! SOCIETY FOR EVERYBODY Safeguarding employment in In a world of rapid technological Europe and creating new jobs is change, the EU is increasingly one of the European Unions active in helping European key tasks. European industry research to achieve scientific will not be able to provide more excellence. In a variety of sectors jobs unless the economic covering the whole spectrum of conditions are right. And the modern technology, the EU right conditions are exactly finances projects undertaken by what the Union is working to research centres, universities achieve. and industry. By creating a frontier-free The emphasis is on putting single market and a single research and innovation to work currency, the euro, the EU has for precise socioeconomic already given a significant objectives, such as job creation boost to trade and employment and improved quality of life. in Europe. It has an agreed The EUs research priorities strategy for stimulating growth include among others life and generating more and sciences, nano-technology, better jobs. Tomorrows jobs aeronautics and space, food will be created through research, quality, sustainable development training and education, a spirit and the knowledge-based society. of entrepreneurship, adaptability The EU also tries to create to new working methods and conditions that allow us to equal opportunities for everybody. actually use new technology in A third of the entire EU budget our everyday life. It is due to is taken up by the Structural EU decisions on the technical Funds which promote growth standards of GSM that Europeans and jobs in less well-off are now world leaders in the regions, in order to ensure that use and manufacture of mobile wealth in Europe is more evenly telephones. distributed.
- 6. CARING ABOUT OUR ENVIRONMENT Pollution has no respect for national frontiers. That is why the European Union has a special role to play in environmental protection. Many environmental problems in Europe could not be tackled without joint action by all EU countries. The EU has adopted over 200 environmental protection directives that are applied in all Member States. Most of the directives are designed to prevent air and water pollution and encourage waste disposal. Other major issues include nature conservation and the supervision of dangerous industrial processes. The EU wants transport, industry, agriculture, fisheries, energy and tourism to be organised in such a way that they can be developed without destroying our natural resources - in short, sustainable development. We already have cleaner air because of the EU decisions in the 1990s to put catalytic converters into all cars and to get rid of the lead added to petrol. In 1993, the Union set up the European Environment Agency, based in Copenhagen. The Agency gathers information on the state of our environment, enabling protective measures and laws to be based on solid data.
- 7. T H E E U R O P E A N PA R L I A M E N T: VOICE OF THE PEOPLE The European Parliament (EP) is the democratic voice of the peoples of Europe. Directly elected every five years, the members of the European Parliament (MEPs) sit not in national blocs but in seven political groups. Each group reflects the political ideology of the national parties to which its members belong. Some MEPs are not attached to any political group. In the European election of June 1999, nearly 30 % of the MEPs elected were women. Parliaments principal roles are as follows. To examine and adopt European legislation. Under the co-decision procedure, Parliament shares this power equally with the Council of Ministers. To approve the EU budget. To exercise democratic control over the other EU institutions, possibly by setting up committees of inquiry. To assent to important international agreements such as the accession of new EU Member States and trade or association agreements between the EU and other countries. The EP has created the Sakharov Prize which is awarded annually to an individual or group that has defended the cause of human rights anywhere in the world. As with national parliaments, the EP has parliamentary committees to deal with particular issues (foreign affairs, budget, environment and so on). Via one of these, the Committee on Petitions, European citizens can also submit petitions directly to the European Parliament. The Parliament elects the European Ombudsman, who investigates complaints from citizens about maladministration in the EU. www.europarl.eu.int Pat Cox is the President of the European Parliament.
- 8. THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: VOICE OF THE MEMBER STATES The Council of the European Union formerly known as the Council of Ministers is the main legislative and decision-making body in the EU. It brings together the representatives of all the Member State governments, which you elect at national level. It is the forum in which the representatives of your governments can assert their interests and reach compromises. They meet regularly at the level of working groups, ambassadors, ministers or when they decide the major policy guidelines at the level of presidents and prime ministers, i.e. as the European Council. The Council together with the European Parliament sets the rules for all the activities of the European Community (EC), which forms the first pillar of the EU. It covers the single market and most of the EUs common policies, and guarantees freedom of movement for goods, persons, services and capital. In addition, the Council is the main body responsible for the second and third pillars, i.e. intergovernmental cooperation on common foreign and security policy and on justice and home affairs. That means, for example, that your governments are working together within the EU to combat terrorism and drug trafficking. They are joining their forces to speak with one voice in external affairs, assisted by the High Representative for common foreign and security policy. ue.eu.int Javier Solana gives EU diplomacy a face as High Representative for common foreign and security policy.
- 9. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION: THE DRIVING FORCE FOR UNION The European Commission does a lot of the day-to-day work in the European Union. It drafts proposals for new European laws, which it presents to the European Parliament and the Council. The Commission makes sure that EU decisions are properly implemented and supervises the way EU funds are spent. It also keeps an eye out to see that everyone abides by the European treaties and European law. The European Commission consists of 20 women and men (more in 2004), assisted by about 24 000 civil servants. The President is chosen by the governments of the EU Member States and must be approved by the European Parliament. The other members are nominated by the member governments in consultation with the incoming president and must also be accepted by Parliament. The Commission is appointed for a five-year term, but it can be dismissed by Parliament. The Commission acts independently of the governments of the Member States. Many, but not all, of its staff work in Brussels, Belgium. europa.eu.int/comm Romano Prodi heads the EU executive as President of the European Commission.
- 10. COURT OF JUSTICE: UPHOLDING THE LAW When common rules are decided in the EU, it is of course vital that they are also followed in practice and that they are understood in the same way everywhere. This is what the Court of Justice of the European Communities ensures. It settles disputes over how the EU treaties and legislation are interpreted. If national courts are in doubt about how to apply EU rules they must ask the Court of Justice. Individual persons can also bring proceedings against EU institutions before the Court. It consists of one independent judge from each EU country and is located in Luxembourg. curia.eu.int EUROPEAN COURT OF AUDITORS: VALUE FOR YOUR MONEY The funds available to the EU must be used legally, economically and for the intended purpose. The Court of Auditors, an independent EU institution located in Luxembourg, is the body that checks how EU money is spent. In effect, these auditors help European taxpayers to get better value for the money that has been channelled into the EU. www.eca.eu.int THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK: STABLE MONEY FOR EUROPE The European Central Bank is in charge of the single currency, the euro. The Bank independently manages European monetary policy deciding, for example, how high interest rates should be. The Banks main objective is to ensure price stability, so that the European economy will not be damaged by inflation. But the monetary policy also supports other political objectives decided in the EU. The European Central Bank is based in Frankfurt, Germany. It is managed by a president and an executive board in close cooperation with the national central banks of the EU countries. www.ecb.int
- 11. EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK: INVESTING IN THE LONG-TERM FUTURE The Bank lends money for investment projects of European interest, in particular projects that benefit less well-off regions. It finances, for example, rail links, motorways, airports, environmental schemes, and (via partner banks) investment by small businesses (SMEs) that helps create jobs and growth. Loans also support the Unions enlargement process and its development aid policy. The Bank is based in Luxembourg and raises its funds on the capital markets. As a non-profit organisation it is able to lend on favourable terms. www.eib.org THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE: INVOLVING SOCIAL PARTNERS Ranging from employers to trade unions and from consumers to ecologists, the 222 members (more in 2004) of the Economic and Social Committee represent all of the most important interest groups in the EU. It is an advisory body and has to give its opinion on important aspects of new EU initiatives. This is part of the common European tradition of involving civil society in political life. www.esc.eu.int THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS: THE LOCAL PERSPECTIVE Many decisions taken in the EU have direct implications at the local and regional level. Through the Committee of the Regions, local and regional authorities are consulted before the EU takes decisions in fields such as education, health, employment or transport. The Committees 222 members (more in 2004) are often leaders of regions or mayors of cities. www.cor.eu.int
- 12. ENLARGEMENT FOR A STRONGER AND MORE STABLE EUROPE Until May 2004 there are 15 EU Member States with a total of 375 million citizens. Ten more countries, mainly from central and Eastern Europe, are expected to join the EU in 2004. Bulgaria and Romania are likely to join in 2007, bringing the EUs total population to nearly 500 million. Turkey is also a candidate country and could join later, when all the conditions for membership are met. In order to become a member of the EU, a country must have a stable democracy that guarantees the rule of law, human rights and protection of minorities, and it must have a functioning market economy as well as a civil service capable of applying and managing EU laws. The EU provides substantial financial assistance and advice to help the candidate countries prepare themselves for membership. This unprecedented cooperation has brought benefits to people in both present and future Member States. Trade has increased massively, and it has become easier to deal with the problems that effect us all, such as cross-border pollution and the fight against crime. This is the European Unions most ambitious enlargement ever. Never before has the EU embraced so many new countries, grown so much in terms of area and population or encompassed so many different histories and cultures. This historic opportunity will unite the European continent, consolidating peace, stability and demo- cracy, and enabling its peoples to share the benefits of progress and welfare generated by European integration.
- 13. KEEPING THE EU DEMOCRATIC, FAIR AND EFFICIENT The EU needs a streamlined and efficient decision-making system as it enlarges from 15 to 25 and eventually more members. But the arran- gements must be fair to all member states, old and new, large and small. Each EU country has a certain number of votes it can cast when the Council of Ministers takes decisions. The people of each country also elects a certain number of members of the European Parliament. These numbers roughly reflect the relative size of the countrys population. They will change in 2004, after 10 new countries have joined and following the European Parliament elections. The new numbers will be as follows (in alphabetical order according to the countrys name in its own language). A decision by the Council often requires that countries representing about 72% of the votes are in favour. Number Number of Number Number of of votes members of of votes members of in Council Parliament in Council Parliament Belgium 12 24 Lithuania 7 13 Cyprus 4 6 Luxembourg 4 6 Czech Republic 12 24 Malta 3 5 Denmark 7 14 Netherlands 13 27 Germany 29 99 Austria 10 18 Greece 12 24 Poland 27 54 Spain 27 54 Portugal 12 24 Estonia 4 6 Slovakia 7 14 France 29 78 Slovenia 4 7 Hungary 12 24 Finland 7 14 Ireland 7 13 Sweden 10 19 Italy 29 78 United Kingdom 29 78 Latvia 4 9 TOTAL 321 732 The European Union also needs a simpler treaty a constitution clearly setting out the EUs aims and values, and saying who is responsible for doing what. To draft this document, a Convention was set up in 2002, bringing together representatives of all the member states and candidate countries as well as the EU institutions. The Convention will lead to an intergovernmental conference, at which the leaders of the governments of the EU countries will sign the new Treaty. For more information about the Convention, go to european-convention.eu.int To join in an online discussion about the future of Europe, go to europa.eu.int/futurum/forum
- 14. OTHER INFORMATION ON THE EUROPEAN UNION Information in all the official languages of the European Union is available on the Internet. You can access it through the Europa server: europa.eu.int All over Europe there are hundreds of local EU information centres. You can find the address of the centre nearest you at this web site:europa.eu.int/comm/relays/index_en.htm EUROPE DIRECT is a service which answers your questions about the European Union. You can contact this service by freephone: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (or by payphone from outside the EU: 32-2 29-99696), or by electronic mail via europa.eu.int/europedirect You can also obtain information and booklets in English about the European Union from: EUROPEAN COMMISSION Information services in the United States REPRESENTATIONS 2300 M Street, NW 3rd Floor Representation in Ireland Washington DC 20037 18 Dawson Street, Dublin 2 Tel. (202) 862 95 00 Tel. (353-1) 662 51 13 Fax (202) 429 17 66 Fax (353-1) 634 11 12 Internet: www.eurunion.org Internet: www.euireland.ie 305 East 47th Street E-mail: eu-ie-info-request@cec.eu.int 3 Dag Hammarskj旦ld Plaza Representation in the United New York, NY 10017 Kingdom Tel. (212) 371 38 04 Jean Monnet House Fax (212) 688 10 13 8 Storeys Gate, London SW1P 3AT Internet: www.eurunion.org Tel. (44-20) 79 73 19 92 EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT OFFICES Fax (44-20) 79 73 19 00/10 Internet: www.cec.org.uk Office in Ireland European Union House Representation in Wales 43 Molesworth Street, Dublin 2 2 Caspian Point, Caspian Way, Tel. (353-1) 605 79 00 Cardiff CF10 4QQ Fax (353-1) 605 79 99 Tel. (44-29) 20 89 50 20 Internet: www.europarl.ie Fax (44-29) 20 89 50 35 E-mail: epdublin@europarl.eu.int Internet: www.cec.org.uk United Kingdom Office Representation in Scotland 2, Queen Annes Gate, London SW1H 9 Alva Street, Edinburgh EH2 4PH 9AA Tel. (44-131) 225 20 58 Tel. (44-20) 72 27 43 00 Fax (44 131) 226 41 05 Fax (44-20) 72 27 43 02 Internet: www.cec.org.uk Internet: www.europarl.org.uk Representation in Northern Ireland E-mail: eplondon@europarl.eu.int Windsor House Office in Scotland 9/15 Bedford Street, Belfast BT2 7EG The Tun, 4 Jacksons Entry, Tel. (44-28) 90 24 07 08 Holyrood Road, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Fax (44-28) 90 24 82 41 Tel. (44-131) 557 78 66 Internet: www.cec.org.uk Fax (44-131) 557 49 77 Internet: www.europarl.org.uk E-mail: epedinburgh@europarl.eu.int European Commission and Parliament representations and offices exist in all the countries of the European Union. The European Commission also has delegations in other parts of the world.