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dog gene ga3 oxidase histone methylation histone deacetylation germination dormancy chromatin remodelling abce model ft constans vernalization flowering sgrna off-target mutation crispr-cas9 genome editing edible vaccine plantibodies protein targeting transgenic plant multiplex pcr inverse pcr nested pcr biolistic method real time pcr agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation genetic transformation polymer trapping model relay model symplastic loading and unloading munch theory apoplastic loading and unloading polyamine metabolism golden rice secondary metabolic pathway lysine metabolism starch metabolic pathway engineering brassinosteroids sa ja ethylene aba cytokinine gibberelic acid auxin plant hormone plant biotechnology molecular biology gm crops chloroplast movement photoperiod photomorphogenesis stomatal opening phototropin cryptochrome phytochrome photobiology