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Water Footprint_1.ppt

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Dr. Surajit Chakraborty
Dr. Surajit Chakraborty

The document provides an overview of water footprints, which measure direct and indirect water use for production processes and consumption. A water footprint accounts for water volume, source, location and time of use. It can be applied to products, consumers, communities and nations to identify water-intensive activities and assess sustainability. The three components are blue, green and grey water footprints. Water footprint assessments compare footprints to local water availability to evaluate environmental, social and economic impacts.

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Water Footprint Water Footprint 1
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Copy it, adapt it, use it but acknowledge the source! Copyright Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open- source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations. To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that: You are free to: Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document. Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using. Disclaimer The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations. Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided. Copyright & Disclaimer
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Contents 1. Introduction 2. Applications of Water Footprints 3. Components of Water Footprints 4. Virtual Water 5. Examples of Water Footprint 6. Are We Sustainable? Assessing the Water Footprint 7. References 3
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info What is a Water Footprint? Water Footprint is a multi-dimensional indicator showing: HOW MUCH (Volume) ... WHEN (Time of the year e.g. dry season) ... WHERE (Location)... TYPE (Freshwater, rainwater, freshwater needed to dilute water pollution to an acceptable level) ... ... of water is used for the production of a product over the whole supply chain. 4 1. Introduction
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Adding the indirect water footprints When you consume the product you do not only consume the direct water in the product but also the indirect water accumulated for producing the product! 5 1. Introduction Water Footprint in each stage of supply chain of an animal product. Source: HOEKSTRA et al. (2011)
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Why doing a Water Footprint? (1/5) Water is renewable and a constant total amount of water is cycling through the environment... .... So, why do we bother making a Water Footprint? 6 1. Introduction The water cycle Total amount of water on earth is always constant. Source: http://pmm.nasa.gov/education/water- cycle [Accessed: 22.10.2013]
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Why doing a Water Footprint? (2/5) For almost all human purposes freshwater is needed ... 7 1. Introduction Human water uses. Source: MARTIN&CHRISTEY (2012) Only about 0,01% of global water resources is directly accessible freshwater! Only a certain amount of water available for all these uses at one moment!
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Why doing a Water Footprint? (3/5) Freshwater resources distribution is characterized by: Strong regional differences Annual and seasonal variation 8 1. Introduction Freshwater scarcity differs between regions. Source: REKACEWICZ (2009)
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Why doing a Water Footprint? (4/5) ... Due to the dependency and temporary limitation of freshwater a water footprint can help: Identify products that can be risky to produce at a certain location and certain period of time due to water scarcity Achieve a more sustainable and equitable use of freshwater 9 1. Introduction
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Why doing a Water Footprint? (5/5) 10 1. Introduction The impact of consumption of cotton products (e.g. T-shirts) in EU25 states on the freshwater resources. About 84% of the water footprint is located outside Europe mainly in dry regions. Source: CHAPAGAIN et al. (2006) Unsustainable and inequitable: The water the EU25 (mostly water-rich countries) cotton consumption uses comes mainly from dry regions!
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Water Footprints can be applied to a: Process step Product Person/consumer Community Producer/business Area Nation Humanity 11 2. Applications of Water Footprints A process step is always the basis for the calculations and the process steps are added up respectively. E.g. Water Footprint for a person = sum of the water footprints of the products that are consumed by a person; a product water footprint is the sum of the water footprints of all the process steps that make up a product.
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Process water footprints as a basis for other footprints 12 2. Applications of Water Footprints Applications of water footprint. Process water footprints are the basic building blocks. Source: HOEKSTRA et al. (2011)
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info The Global Water Footprint Standard (1/3) Various standards for Water Footprints exist. Probably the most well- known is the Global Water Footprint Standard. It accounts for: Direct and indirect water use Water consumption and water pollution Water footprint for freshwater (bluewater), rainwater (greenwater) and freshwater required to dilute polluted water to an acceptable quality (greywater) Total water footprint is the sum of blue, green and greywater consumption 13 3. Components of Water Footprints
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info The Global Water Footprint Standard (2/3) No universally valid standard for Water Footprint exists. Yet, an ISO standard 14046 is currently under development that provides a norm for Water Footprints and how to integrate them into a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). 14 3. Components of Water Footprints Steps of a life cycle assessment. Source: http://www.solidworks.com/sustainability/design/ 2722_ENU_HTML.htm [Accessed: 23.20.2013]
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info The Global Water Footprint Standard (3/3) 15 3. Components of Water Footprints Components of a water footprint. The non-consumptive part of water withdrawals (return flow) is not part of the water footprint. Source: HOEKSTRA et al. (2011)
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Blue water footprint = Consumption of fresh surface or groundwater. Taking into account water that: Evaporates and transpires Is incorporated into the product Does not return to the same catchment area (but might return to the sea or another catchment area) Does not return in the same period (might be withdrawn in a dry period and returned in a wet period) 16 3. Components of Water Footprints Global blue water footprint of consumption. Source: http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/WaterStat [Accessed: 22.10.2013]
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Green water footprint = Consumption of water that refers to precipitation on land that does not run off or recharge the groundwater but is stored in soil ore temporarily stays on top of the soil or vegetation. Taking into account water that: Evaporates and transpires from fields and plantations Is incorporated into the harvested crop or wood 17 3. Components of Water Footprints Global green water footprint of consumption. Source: http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/WaterStat [Accessed: 22.10.2013]
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Grey water footprint = Consumption of freshwater that is required to assimilate the load of pollutants based on natural background concentrations and existing ambient water quality standards. 18 3. Components of Water Footprints Global grey water footprint of consumption. Source: http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/WaterStat [Accessed: 22.10.2013]
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Differences between Virtual Water and the Water Footprint 19 4. Virtual Water Virtual Water Water Footprint Application Products only Products, Consumer, Producer, Nation, Humanity, etc. Dimensions - Volume of consumed water - Volume of consumed water - Type of consumed water (blue, green, grey) - Location of water source - Time of water withdrawal
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Products 20 5. Examples of Water Footprint Product global water footprint and the share of green, blue and greywater. Source: www.waterfootprint.org [Accessed: 22.10.2013] Animal products generally have a larger water footprint than crop products. Primarily, because animals need more time to grown and need to be fed: 98% of animals water footprint is due to feed.
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info National Water Footprint (1/2) 21 5. Examples of Water Footprint National total water footprint of consumption. Source: MEKONNEN & HOEKSTRA (2011)
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info National Water Footprint (2/2) 22 5. Examples of Water Footprint Consumption of agricultural products largely determines the global water footprint related to consumption (MEKONNEN & HOEKSTRA 2011): Agricultural products: 92% Industrial products: 4,7% Domestic water use: 3,8% Differences in water footprints vary primarily due to differences in consumption patterns: High bovine meat consumption (highly water intensive production) leads to higher national water footprint.
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info National Water Footprint - Importance 23 5. Examples of Water Footprint Traditionally, National Water Plan looks only at water used within a nation saving national water by importing water through products produced in other countries: Water saved in own country, but neglecting that national consumption might be unsustainable on a global level National Water Footprint shows imported water, too: Formulating policies that protect the worlds scarce freshwater sources, too
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Water Footprint Assessment (1/3) 24 6. Are We Sustainable? Assessing the Water Footprint Water Footprint by itself does NOT provide information about whether the activity or product is sustainable or not! Water Footprint Assessment assesses whether the water consumption of a product/person/nation etc. is sustainable. The Water Footprint Assessment Manual by the Water Footprint Network. Source: HOESTRA et al. (2011)
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Water Footprint Assessment (2/3) 25 6. Are We Sustainable? Assessing the Water Footprint Environmental sustainability: Compare water footprint with availability of water in the affected water bodies at the location and time of withdrawal. Water Risk Maps (including filters for season and different water sources/quality and quantity) are open source available online: Source: http://aqueduct.wri.org/atlas
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Water Footprint Assessment (3/3) 26 6. Are We Sustainable? Assessing the Water Footprint Next to environmental impact, also social (basic human needs in the catchment areas and fairness) and economic (price of water versus its real economic costs) impact are assessed. Response strategies can be formulated to directly target activities that lead to water scarcity and pollution Improve water source protection and sustainability of water use Water use should be bearable, equitable and viable. Source: http://www.sustainability.umd.edu/content/about/what_is_susta inability.php [Accessed: 22.10.2013]
Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info HOEKSTRA, A.Y.; CHAPAGAIN, A.K.; ALDAYA, M.M.; MEKONNEN, M.M. (2011): The Water Footprint Assessment Manual. Setting the Global Standard. London/Washington: Earthscan. URL: http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/Publications [Accessed: 22.10.2013] MARTIN, R. A., CHRISTEY, S.M. (2012): The Software Industrys Clean Water Act Alternative. Washington: IEEE Computer Society. URL: http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/sp/2012/03/msp2012030024-abs.html [Accessed: 22.10.2013] CHAPAGAIN, A.K., HOEKSTRA, A.Y., SAVENIJE, H.H.G. AND GAUTAM, R. (2006): The water footprint of cotton consumption. An assessment of the impact of worldwide consumption of cotton products on the water resources in the cotton producing countries. Ecological Economics Vol. 60, 186-203. Philadelphia: Elsevier. URL: http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/Cotton [Accessed: 22.10.2013] MEKONNEN, M.M.; HOEKSTRA, A.Y. (2011): National Water Footprint Accounts. The Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Production and Consumption. Delft: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization-Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE). URL: http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/Publications [Accessed: 22.10.2013] 27 7. References
Water Footprint 28 Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture SSWM is an initiative supported by: Created by:

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Water Footprint_1.ppt

  • 2. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Copy it, adapt it, use it but acknowledge the source! Copyright Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open- source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations. To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that: You are free to: Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document. Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using. Disclaimer The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations. Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided. Copyright & Disclaimer
  • 3. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Contents 1. Introduction 2. Applications of Water Footprints 3. Components of Water Footprints 4. Virtual Water 5. Examples of Water Footprint 6. Are We Sustainable? Assessing the Water Footprint 7. References 3
  • 4. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info What is a Water Footprint? Water Footprint is a multi-dimensional indicator showing: HOW MUCH (Volume) ... WHEN (Time of the year e.g. dry season) ... WHERE (Location)... TYPE (Freshwater, rainwater, freshwater needed to dilute water pollution to an acceptable level) ... ... of water is used for the production of a product over the whole supply chain. 4 1. Introduction
  • 5. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Adding the indirect water footprints When you consume the product you do not only consume the direct water in the product but also the indirect water accumulated for producing the product! 5 1. Introduction Water Footprint in each stage of supply chain of an animal product. Source: HOEKSTRA et al. (2011)
  • 6. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Why doing a Water Footprint? (1/5) Water is renewable and a constant total amount of water is cycling through the environment... .... So, why do we bother making a Water Footprint? 6 1. Introduction The water cycle Total amount of water on earth is always constant. Source: http://pmm.nasa.gov/education/water- cycle [Accessed: 22.10.2013]
  • 7. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Why doing a Water Footprint? (2/5) For almost all human purposes freshwater is needed ... 7 1. Introduction Human water uses. Source: MARTIN&CHRISTEY (2012) Only about 0,01% of global water resources is directly accessible freshwater! Only a certain amount of water available for all these uses at one moment!
  • 8. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Why doing a Water Footprint? (3/5) Freshwater resources distribution is characterized by: Strong regional differences Annual and seasonal variation 8 1. Introduction Freshwater scarcity differs between regions. Source: REKACEWICZ (2009)
  • 9. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Why doing a Water Footprint? (4/5) ... Due to the dependency and temporary limitation of freshwater a water footprint can help: Identify products that can be risky to produce at a certain location and certain period of time due to water scarcity Achieve a more sustainable and equitable use of freshwater 9 1. Introduction
  • 10. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Why doing a Water Footprint? (5/5) 10 1. Introduction The impact of consumption of cotton products (e.g. T-shirts) in EU25 states on the freshwater resources. About 84% of the water footprint is located outside Europe mainly in dry regions. Source: CHAPAGAIN et al. (2006) Unsustainable and inequitable: The water the EU25 (mostly water-rich countries) cotton consumption uses comes mainly from dry regions!
  • 11. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Water Footprints can be applied to a: Process step Product Person/consumer Community Producer/business Area Nation Humanity 11 2. Applications of Water Footprints A process step is always the basis for the calculations and the process steps are added up respectively. E.g. Water Footprint for a person = sum of the water footprints of the products that are consumed by a person; a product water footprint is the sum of the water footprints of all the process steps that make up a product.
  • 12. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Process water footprints as a basis for other footprints 12 2. Applications of Water Footprints Applications of water footprint. Process water footprints are the basic building blocks. Source: HOEKSTRA et al. (2011)
  • 13. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info The Global Water Footprint Standard (1/3) Various standards for Water Footprints exist. Probably the most well- known is the Global Water Footprint Standard. It accounts for: Direct and indirect water use Water consumption and water pollution Water footprint for freshwater (bluewater), rainwater (greenwater) and freshwater required to dilute polluted water to an acceptable quality (greywater) Total water footprint is the sum of blue, green and greywater consumption 13 3. Components of Water Footprints
  • 14. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info The Global Water Footprint Standard (2/3) No universally valid standard for Water Footprint exists. Yet, an ISO standard 14046 is currently under development that provides a norm for Water Footprints and how to integrate them into a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). 14 3. Components of Water Footprints Steps of a life cycle assessment. Source: http://www.solidworks.com/sustainability/design/ 2722_ENU_HTML.htm [Accessed: 23.20.2013]
  • 15. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info The Global Water Footprint Standard (3/3) 15 3. Components of Water Footprints Components of a water footprint. The non-consumptive part of water withdrawals (return flow) is not part of the water footprint. Source: HOEKSTRA et al. (2011)
  • 16. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Blue water footprint = Consumption of fresh surface or groundwater. Taking into account water that: Evaporates and transpires Is incorporated into the product Does not return to the same catchment area (but might return to the sea or another catchment area) Does not return in the same period (might be withdrawn in a dry period and returned in a wet period) 16 3. Components of Water Footprints Global blue water footprint of consumption. Source: http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/WaterStat [Accessed: 22.10.2013]
  • 17. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Green water footprint = Consumption of water that refers to precipitation on land that does not run off or recharge the groundwater but is stored in soil ore temporarily stays on top of the soil or vegetation. Taking into account water that: Evaporates and transpires from fields and plantations Is incorporated into the harvested crop or wood 17 3. Components of Water Footprints Global green water footprint of consumption. Source: http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/WaterStat [Accessed: 22.10.2013]
  • 18. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Grey water footprint = Consumption of freshwater that is required to assimilate the load of pollutants based on natural background concentrations and existing ambient water quality standards. 18 3. Components of Water Footprints Global grey water footprint of consumption. Source: http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/WaterStat [Accessed: 22.10.2013]
  • 19. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Differences between Virtual Water and the Water Footprint 19 4. Virtual Water Virtual Water Water Footprint Application Products only Products, Consumer, Producer, Nation, Humanity, etc. Dimensions - Volume of consumed water - Volume of consumed water - Type of consumed water (blue, green, grey) - Location of water source - Time of water withdrawal
  • 20. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Products 20 5. Examples of Water Footprint Product global water footprint and the share of green, blue and greywater. Source: www.waterfootprint.org [Accessed: 22.10.2013] Animal products generally have a larger water footprint than crop products. Primarily, because animals need more time to grown and need to be fed: 98% of animals water footprint is due to feed.
  • 21. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info National Water Footprint (1/2) 21 5. Examples of Water Footprint National total water footprint of consumption. Source: MEKONNEN & HOEKSTRA (2011)
  • 22. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info National Water Footprint (2/2) 22 5. Examples of Water Footprint Consumption of agricultural products largely determines the global water footprint related to consumption (MEKONNEN & HOEKSTRA 2011): Agricultural products: 92% Industrial products: 4,7% Domestic water use: 3,8% Differences in water footprints vary primarily due to differences in consumption patterns: High bovine meat consumption (highly water intensive production) leads to higher national water footprint.
  • 23. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info National Water Footprint - Importance 23 5. Examples of Water Footprint Traditionally, National Water Plan looks only at water used within a nation saving national water by importing water through products produced in other countries: Water saved in own country, but neglecting that national consumption might be unsustainable on a global level National Water Footprint shows imported water, too: Formulating policies that protect the worlds scarce freshwater sources, too
  • 24. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Water Footprint Assessment (1/3) 24 6. Are We Sustainable? Assessing the Water Footprint Water Footprint by itself does NOT provide information about whether the activity or product is sustainable or not! Water Footprint Assessment assesses whether the water consumption of a product/person/nation etc. is sustainable. The Water Footprint Assessment Manual by the Water Footprint Network. Source: HOESTRA et al. (2011)
  • 25. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Water Footprint Assessment (2/3) 25 6. Are We Sustainable? Assessing the Water Footprint Environmental sustainability: Compare water footprint with availability of water in the affected water bodies at the location and time of withdrawal. Water Risk Maps (including filters for season and different water sources/quality and quantity) are open source available online: Source: http://aqueduct.wri.org/atlas
  • 26. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info Water Footprint Assessment (3/3) 26 6. Are We Sustainable? Assessing the Water Footprint Next to environmental impact, also social (basic human needs in the catchment areas and fairness) and economic (price of water versus its real economic costs) impact are assessed. Response strategies can be formulated to directly target activities that lead to water scarcity and pollution Improve water source protection and sustainability of water use Water use should be bearable, equitable and viable. Source: http://www.sustainability.umd.edu/content/about/what_is_susta inability.php [Accessed: 22.10.2013]
  • 27. Water Footprint Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info HOEKSTRA, A.Y.; CHAPAGAIN, A.K.; ALDAYA, M.M.; MEKONNEN, M.M. (2011): The Water Footprint Assessment Manual. Setting the Global Standard. London/Washington: Earthscan. URL: http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/Publications [Accessed: 22.10.2013] MARTIN, R. A., CHRISTEY, S.M. (2012): The Software Industrys Clean Water Act Alternative. Washington: IEEE Computer Society. URL: http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/sp/2012/03/msp2012030024-abs.html [Accessed: 22.10.2013] CHAPAGAIN, A.K., HOEKSTRA, A.Y., SAVENIJE, H.H.G. AND GAUTAM, R. (2006): The water footprint of cotton consumption. An assessment of the impact of worldwide consumption of cotton products on the water resources in the cotton producing countries. Ecological Economics Vol. 60, 186-203. Philadelphia: Elsevier. URL: http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/Cotton [Accessed: 22.10.2013] MEKONNEN, M.M.; HOEKSTRA, A.Y. (2011): National Water Footprint Accounts. The Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Production and Consumption. Delft: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization-Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE). URL: http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/Publications [Accessed: 22.10.2013] 27 7. References
  • 28. Water Footprint 28 Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture SSWM is an initiative supported by: Created by: