1. The document describes how a transistor can be used as a switch to turn electrical components like LEDs on and off. It explains the transistor's basic operation in the on and off states when varying the base current and resistance.
2. Experiments are presented to analyze the transistor's switching behavior using an LED, signal generator, and oscilloscope. The transistor's beta is calculated from measurements taken with a decade resistance box.
3. The transistor is used to switch an LED in response to DC and AC input signals. An oscilloscope shows the transistor output voltage switching between 0V and 12V depending on the base signal from the generator.
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202 e11
1. 212-202/E11-1
212-202 E11 Transistor as a Switch CL/May/1995-SR/Mar/2005
E11
F F F (Transistor as a Switch)
F
F F F F F
F F F
1. ( ) F F F F
2. F 50% F F
F 15
F F F F
F F F 塀 塀 F F F F
F F
F F 塀 塀 F F F F F
F ON F F F F F F OFF
F F F F 1a
1a F
F F 1b F F 3
F F F F C E F F F
F F F ON OFF F F F
i
Switch ON Switch OFF
2. 212-202/E11-2
212-202 E11 Transistor as a Switch CL/May/1995-SR/Mar/2005
1b F
F F F F F ON F F C
E F F F F F OFF F F F
C E F
F F F F F ON OFF F
F CE F F F F
F VCE F F ON F F VCE F 0 V F F 0
V F F F F 12 V ( F 1b) F F
F F 1b 12 V F F F OFF F
F F F ON OFF F F F
F B F
F OFF F F ,
B F F F F 1
F F F F F (Ground) 1b F
F F F (Power Supply)
F F F F F ON F F
IC F F 硫 F
F B F F F F F F
F F RB F F F ON F F
IC
= RB
= VCC
C
B E
10 k
1 k
+ 12 V
V
+
-
IB
= RC
= VCE
3. 212-202/E11-3
212-202 E11 Transistor as a Switch CL/May/1995-SR/Mar/2005
F F F F F F
F F
F 1 F F ON OFF
3 F F VCE ( F C E) VRB
( F RB) F F IB ( ) F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F ON
OFF F F F F B
F F F F F F OFF
F F C E F C F
F VCE F F F F F 12 V F F VRB
F 0 V F B F V = RI 0
0 F
F 4 F ON F
F B F F F F (Decade Resistance Box) F F F
F F 5 V F F F F B F F F ON
F F F OFF F RB F F
F F F VCE VRB F 3 F F F F
F F
F F VCE F F F F F RB
VRB F 5 V F RB
F IB F IB F F F F RB F F
F 1 k F IB F F
F F ON F VCE F F F 0 V F VRB
F F 5 V F RB F F F F F
F ON F F VCE F 0 V F F RB F
F F F F IB F F (IC/硫) F F
F ON OFF F F VCE F F 12 V
F F F 3 F F
ON F F ON F F F F F
硫Average F F 硫 RB F 1, 3.3 4.7 k
4. 212-202/E11-4
212-202 E11 Transistor as a Switch CL/May/1995-SR/Mar/2005
F 2 塀 塀 F F F
塀 塀 F F
F F F F 12 V F F F F 1 k
F F LED F F
F F F 5 6 F F
5 F F F B F
F F RB F F F ON F F LED
F F 6 B F F F F
F OFF F F LED
F 3 F 塀 塀 F F F
F 2 F F F DC F
F AC F F F F 塀 塀
F F 7 8 F 7
F F ON ( B F F F )
8 F F OFF ( B F F F F
8 F F OFF F F
F F Capacitor DC F F F
F F F F 8)
7 F Signal Generator F F F
F F 10 k 2 F F Capacitor 2
DC F F F F
VCE F F F F
7 F ON C E F F C E
F F 0 V ( F F F
F F F ) F C E
F VCE F F F 0 V 0 V
F F F Signal Generator
F F F
F F OFF F F
8 F F peak-to-peak
peak-to-peak Signal Generator
5. 212-202/E11-5
212-202 E11 Transistor as a Switch CL/May/1995-SR/Mar/2005
F F F
F F F F 10 k F
F 10 k F F F
F KVL
F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F
F BC 547 F F 2
LED 2 Anode Cathode LED F 2
F F F Anode Cathode Capacitors F
F 3 F 2 F F F
2
+ -Cathode
Anode
EBC
Transistor LED Capacitor
6. 212-202/E11-6
212-202 E11 Transistor as a Switch CL/May/1995-SR/Mar/2005
F F F F 6 F F F F F
F
1. F F F F F
2. F F F F
3. F
F F F F F
F
1. Transistor BC 547 1
2. Resistor 1 k 1
3. Resistor 10 k 3
4. LED 1
5. Capacitor 10 袖F 2
6. Battery 9 V 1
7. Decade Resistance Box 1
8. Digital Multimeter 1
9. Power Supply 1
10. Signal Generator 1
11. Oscilloscope 1
12. Bread Broad 1
F
F 3 F F 1 F F ON
OFF F 2 3 F F F F F
7. 212-202/E11-7
212-202 E11 Transistor as a Switch CL/May/1995-SR/Mar/2005
1. F 1 F F ON OFF
3
1.1 F 3 F F F F F F F
F F RB F F IB
VCE =
VRB =
IB = VRB / RB = .
F F F F F ON OFF F
..
..
4
C
B E
V
+
-
IB
10 k
1 k
+ 12 V
C
B E
1 k
+ 12 V
V
+
-
IB
+ 5 V
Decade
Resistance
Box
8. 212-202/E11-8
212-202 E11 Transistor as a Switch CL/May/1995-SR/Mar/2005
1.2 F 4 RB 10 k 3 F Decade Resistance Box
F F RB 1 F F VCE VRB F F F
F F F IB, IC, 硫 F F F
RB (k) VCE (V) VRB (V) IB = VRB/RB IC = (VCC- VCE)/RC 硫 = IC/IB
1
3.3
4.7
10
33
47
82
100
330
470
1000
Note VCC F F ( 12 V) F F F F F
F F F F F F F 12 V RC = 1 k
1
1.3 F
1.3.1 F ON F IB F F
F
硫Average = ... ..
RB = 1 k, (IB > IC/ 硫Average)? ... ..
.. ..
RB = 3.3 k, (IB > IC/ 硫Average)?
..
RB = 4.7 k, (IB > IC/ 硫Average)?...
..
..
9. 212-202/E11-9
212-202 E11 Transistor as a Switch CL/May/1995-SR/Mar/2005
1.3.2 F ON F VCE F F
..
..
F 2 塀 塀 F F F
F F F F F
F LED F F F LED F F F
F F F F F 塀 塀 LED
F F F F F ON OFF
5
2.1 F 5 F F LED F VCE F F
F F F
..
..
..
..
Battery 9 V
C
B E
V
+
-
10 k
1 k
+ 12 V
+
-
10. 212-202/E11-10
212-202 E11 Transistor as a Switch CL/May/1995-SR/Mar/2005
6
2.2 F 6 F F LED F VCE F F
F F F
..
..
..
..
..
F 3 F 塀 塀 F F F
3.1 (Signal Generator) F F F
1 kHz F 300 mV peak-to-peak F F F
Output Signal Generator F Input Oscilloscope F Volume
Signal Generator F F Oscilloscope F F 300 mV peak-to-
peak
3.2 F 7 F F F 9 V F F F
F F F
Battery 9 V
C
B E
V
+
-
10 k
1 k
+ 12 V
+
-
11. 212-202/E11-11
212-202 E11 Transistor as a Switch CL/May/1995-SR/Mar/2005
7
F Oscilloscope F
Oscilloscope F F F
..
..
..
..
Battery 9 V
C
B E
10 k
+ 12 V
+
-
10 k
10 k10 袖F
+-
CRO
+
-
+
-
Signal Generator
+ -
10 袖F
Oscilloscope
12. 212-202/E11-12
212-202 E11 Transistor as a Switch CL/May/1995-SR/Mar/2005
3.3 9 V 7
8 F 7 9 V
F F Oscilloscope F
Oscilloscope F F F
..
..
..
..
..
10 k10 袖F
+-
CRO
+
-
+
-
Signal Generator
+ -
10 袖F
10 k
Switch
Oscilloscope
13. 212-202/E11-13
212-202 E11 Transistor as a Switch CL/May/1995-SR/Mar/2005
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
F F
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