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vrushali tambe nmr detectors hplc mobile phase comparison gas chromatography instrumentation field sweep frequency sweep cw nmr ft-nmr decoupled coupled sensitivity ethyl acetate spectra cmr pmr magnetization phase coherence chemical shift factors affecting chemical shift inductive effect mesomeric effect anisotropic effect hydrogen bonding hybridization spin spin coupling splitting pascal triangle n+1 rule supercritical fluid vibrational coupling overtone uplc difference high performance liquid chromatography scanning electron microscopy transmission electron microscopy tambe sample introduction pyrolysis direct thermal extraction solid phase microextraction flash vaporiser grobs injection hall electrolytic thermal conductivity mass ir flame electron capture flame photometric infrared electronic effects coupled vibration ferm gc sfc speed cost efficiency height equivalent to theoretical plate particle size optimum flow rate resistance to mass transfer van deemter equation hetp single point standardization double point standardization multiple point standardization external standard method internal standard method area normalization method system suitability testing resolution tailing factor capacity factor system suitability parameters stationary phases tubings used in hplc gradient isocratic raman spectroscopy ir spectroscopy difference between raman and ir spectroscopy comparison between raman and ir true chemical and instrumental deviations scanning speed spectral band width natural band width columns carbondioxide comparison with gc and hplc stationary phase tandem in space tandem in time triple quadruple parent ion spectra precursor ion spectra ms/ms attenuated total reflectance photo-acoustic spectroscopy mull sample handling ir spectroscopy pelleting cast film detector infrared pyroelectric photoconductor quantum detector thermal detector thermocouple golay cell bolometer thermistor gas thermometer comparison of thermal and quantum detector eddy diffusion longitudinal diffusion