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general chemistry physical chemistry energy reaction mechanism radioactive decay half-life integrated rate law reaction order rate constant rate law reaction rate and heat of formation bond energy thermochemical equations hess's law calorimetry internal energy enthalpy clausius-clapeyron phase equilibrium gibbs free energy entropy second law of thermodynamics work heat thermodynamics partial pressure mole fraction dalton's law effusion diffusion mean-free-path collision frequency kinetic energy of gases gas pressure van der waals equation compressibility factor ideal gas equation ideal gas law kinetic molecular theory homogeneous catalysis catalysis activated complex transition state transition-state theory collision theory activation energy arrhenius equation steady-state approximation rate-determining step elementary step intermediate chemistry