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cfa level 1 finance cfa accounting education certified financial analyst chartered financial analyst financial reporting and analysis academics corporate finance learning wacc weighted average cost of capital balance sheet capital budgeting cash flow statement lifo fifo income statement expense recognition revenue recognition revenue recognition criteria expense recognition criteria non recurring items double entry bookkeeping double entry accounting financial statement analysis eps levering beta unlevering beta beta cost of capital required rate of return required rate of return of equity cost of common equity cost of equity cost of debt irr npv irr decision rule npv decision rule lifo reserve lifo liquidation inventory management earnings per share