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pharmacy pharmacology anatomy and physiology dopamine acetylcholine biology drug blood coagulation blood pressure digestive system carbidopa myocardial infarction extrapyramidal symptoms drug addiction catecholamines osteology cytoplasm insulin elimination adrenaline parenteral 1. inhalational 2. intravenous 3. intra skin thermoregulation nucleus pharmacological antagonism: competitive and non toxicology metabolism  ion channels receptor  g-protein coupled recept  ionic bond.  vander wal forces  hydrogen bond pharmacodynamics discovery cone cells catecholamine cellular paracetamol vasodilation homeostasis body cavities levodopa human body cartilage drug cumulation time of drug administration psychological state etc. • drug related factors: physical state of a d route of drug administration drug combination drug tolerance drug dependence etc. biochemical and physiological effects of drugs specific target proteins like receptors therapeutic index enzymes and ion channels mechanisms of action principles of drug action drug receptor interaction receptors potency affinity efficacy agonist anta dentistry nursing pharmacoepidemiology development 1. plant sources 2. animal sources 3. mineral/ ear brand name chemical name clinical pharmacology common name generic name proprietary name trade name united state adopted names (usan) council oral sublingual rectal enteral parenteral local routes of drug administration introduction clinical pharmacology • patient related factors: age gender body weight presence of food drug allergy genetic variation environmental state pathological state physostigmine cholinergic dependence drug habituation fentanyl/ droperidol ketamine sevoflurane methoxyflurane desflurane enflurane isoflurane loss of consciousness respiratory paralysis intercostal muscle surgical anesthesia excitement scopolamine anticholinergics parasympatholytics atropine antispasmodics pilocarpine carbachol bethanecol muscarinic nicotinic impulse indirectly acting directly acting drugs acting on parasympathetic system organophospharus cholinesterase stages parasomnia alprazolam diazepam phenobarbital barbiturates benzodiazepines dreams nrem sleep rem sleep hypnosis anxiety insomnia drowsiness sedation receptors protein potency ability efficacy int drug antagonism body reflexes surgery amnesia analgesia anesthesiologist unconsciousness general anesthesia nsaids aspirin inflammatory mediators prostaglandins anti inflammatory antipyretics analgesic sleep apnoea hyposomnia stimulation depression irritation replacement chem retina vision olfaction and nose ears eyes mechanism of breathing physiology of breathing pleural cavity bronchial asthma residual volume bronchial tree tidal volume exhalation bronchi and lungs. trachea bones implantation fertilization renal system auditory ossciles tear cataract bipolar neuron phroreceptors iris pupil cornea eye ball choroid sclera rod cell portal circulation systemic circulation valves heart cardiovascular hemoglobin rh factor blood groups polycythemia anemia plasma leukocytes white blood cells phagocytosis platelets red blood cells larynx pharynx nose artery circulatory system angina pectoris atherosclerosis hypertension heart attack ecg stroke volume pulse rate heart rate cardiac output myocardial contraction cardiac cycle blood components broad spectrum probiotics diarhoea ampicillin pediatric malnutrition acidophilus lactobacillus tremors dyskinesia akinesia parkinsonian ±è²¹°ù°ì¾±²Ô²õ´Ç²Ô’s air sacs (alveoli) carbon dioxide oxygen pharmacogenetics pharmacoeconomics pharmacogenomics pharmacovigilance therapeutics physiological effects dose pharmacokinetics hypertensive crisis monoamine oxidase tyrosine products milk dairy tyramine antibiotics lead molecule the movement of drug active transport passive diffusion bioavailability plasma protein binding distribution absorption lymphocyte drain lymph node spleen lymph girdle thorax appendicular exchange inhalation and exhalation intercostal muscles lungs breathing respiration hyperglycemia diabetes resistance fda approval nda ind preclinical clinical trials optimization suicidal thoughts depression apathy guilt neurotransmitter serotonin noradrenaline bipolar affective disorders unipolar affective disorders cognition excitement mania cognitive emotional affective disorders medical cell organelles microscope human cells science biological membrane tissues maximal electroshock induced diazepamn eddys hot plate apparatus rota rod apparatus analgesiometer isolated frogs heart assembly students organ bath assembly diploma in pharmacy experimental animals experimental pharmacology msbte practical exam mao ssri tcas mood neurotransmitters adrenergic blockers sympatholytic drugs adrenaline and noradrenaline competitive antagonists and nora fight-or-flight salbutamol amphetamine sympathetic division adrenergic receptors sympathomimetic stomach esophagus mouth chyme food cell wall eukaryotic cell animal cells plasma membrane eukaryotic cells kingdom biosynthesis living organisms head injury opium antitussive codeine morphine opioids narcotic antagonists vasoconstriction long bones sebum sweating sweat glands subcutaneous layer skin color reticular region papillary region stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale melanin melanocytes vitamin d hairs dermal papilla pectoral girdle osteoclast osteoblast osteocyte bone marrow spongy bone compact bone appendicular skeleton axial skeleton synovial joints cartilaginous joints fibrous joints joints sesamoid bones irregular bones flat bones short bones cardiac muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue collagen fibers chondrocyte dense regular connective hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage areolar tissue loose connective tissue stratified epithelial tissue simple epithelial tissue nerv muscularr epithelial histology alpha and beta receptors dermis epidermis growth responsiveness basic life processes components of homeostasis blood glucose regulation terms of relative position positive feedback system negative feedback system organ system tissue level cellular level organ level anatomical terminologies animal cell h1 receptor antagonist mepyramine allergic inflammatory reaction oedema and swelling blood vessels (vasodilation) bronchioles (bronchospasm) intestines ( increase git motility) and release of histamine location synthesis histamine location dna nucleic acids plasma proteins binding of drug blood brain barri functions structure lysosomes cell membrane ribosomes manufacturing research the demand for pharma graduates is high in sectors salmeterol allergic reaction anaphylaxis bronchial asthma and its management bronchospasm hypotension oedema increased capillary permeability itching histamine: flushing flare and wheal triple response of histamine flush ranitidine diphenhydramine h2 receptor antagonist cimetidine zoology organization tissue pathology physiology anatomy cyclopentolate spasm of accomodation miosis miotics drugs acting on eye cycloplegia photophobia mydriasis mydriatics muscarinic antagonists. axial endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus mitochondria cell organelle cytology typical animal cell mice rat rabbit guinea pig rabbits therapeutic experimental animal species toxicity testing animals study of drugs nervous system respiratory system hemorrhage hemostasis dihydrofolic acid reductase combination chemotherapy haematuria synergistic sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim hypersensitivity reactions stevens-johnson syndrome antimicrobial protozoal infections sulfanilamide crystalluria cotrimoxazole bacteria purine epithelial tissue connective tissue muscular tissu bolus atp energy lipids fats carbohydrate simple food complex food accessary plasma proteins bindin gastrointestinal alimentary canal digestion blood clotting haemostatics hematinics herudin enoxaparin coumarin warfarin pulmonary emboli deep vein thrombosis embolism thrombosis heparin clotting scope and opportunities of pharmacy hospital pharmacist etc. drugs controller you can take up job roles like - drugs inspector pharmacovigilance etc. as a pharma graduate medical marketing chemical level dihydrofolate folic acid paba sulfonamides ductless gland pancreas adrenal gland growth hormone thyroid gland messenger endocrine gland hormone pituitary gland hypothalamus a. heparin and derivative substances thromboplastin fibrin