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Creating Coherence in Ad-hoc ELF Conversations

Andreas Glombitza
Andreas Glombitza

The document discusses creating coherence in ad-hoc English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) conversations, emphasizing the importance of conversational coherence, speaker and hearer strategies, and the roles each participant plays in enhancing message relevance and comprehensibility. It outlines centrifugal forces affecting discussions, such as loose structures and topic shifts, and proposes centripetal strategies for monitoring comprehension and providing feedback. The analysis includes examples of how speakers can self-monitor and negotiate meaning to maintain coherence in conversation.

EducationTechnologyBusiness
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05.09.2013 Andreas Glombitza English Seminar Creating coherence in ad-hoc ELF conversations
Coherence in ELF conversations Conversational coherence ≠ Centrifugal forces in (T)ELF conversations ≒ Centripetal strategies - Enhancing hearer message relevance р comprehension monitoring - Enhancing speaker meaning accessibility р monitoring for feedback р self-monitoring ｂ Summary 2 | Andreas Glombitza
Coherence in conversation " [] What one speakers says in a conversation [is] heard as following sensibly from what another has said [...]". (Schiffrin 1985: 640) Shared responsibility for coherence - "a speaker is expected to formulate an utterance so that its message is accessible []". р S signals what info will suffice as a minimally coherent response - "the hearer [] is expected to demonstrate, through the next utterance, proper attention to that message." р H signals coherence by providing that info or otherwise relating to it 3 | Andreas Glombitza
Make your contribution such as is required Coherence and conversational maxims ≒ Speaker maxim: "make your message accessible" - cp. Gricean maxim of manner (be brief, orderly, perspicuous, unambiguous) we will generally expect S to perform according to his/her own abilities and preferences (and make him/her feel like he/she does) ≒ Hearer maxim: "relate your response to S's previous message" - cp. Grice's maxim of relation we will generally expect H to be relevant (and treat him/her as if she is) Consequence: "normalization" of the conversation surface, strategy of "pretending to understand" (cp. House 2010: 368) 4 | Andreas Glombitza
TELF discussions ≒ a fixed topic/task (short, written description of a business-world problem) webapp: a collection of transcripts & a conversational corpus with attached speaker-metadata and -retrospective data database ~40.000 words, 3.000 turns, 60 subjects (11NS/49NNS) 5 | Andreas Glombitza telf.uni-tuebingen.de
"Centrifugal forces" in (T)ELF discussions loose overall discussion structure tendency for "favourite individual topics" ("own agenda" cp. House 2002) non-linear discussion process ("once again, back to start"), abrupt topic changes (cp. Lesznyak 2002, House 2002) speaker-meaning accessibility creative/unconventional usage of words (reliance on "open choice", cp. Seidlhofer 2009) "covert ambiguities" (e.g. stocks, recall) ambiguous pronunciations (e.g. [recreate] for recruit) interlocutors' general attention problems (due to monitoring strain) hearer-message relevance speaker meaning inaccessible (let-it-pass, "normalization" cp. House 2002, 2010) lack of gambits / supporting moves (cp. House 2002) hearer pursuing "own agenda hearer message not accessible (see above) 6 | Andreas Glombitza
Centripetal strategies monitoring and repair 7 | Andreas Glombitza (also cp. Kohn 1990) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility self-monitoring feedback monitoring reorganize, rephrase rephrase signal gap, uncertainty, correction request feedback , confirmation give further clues, accept or decline offers negotiate own meaning hearer message relevance comprehension monitoring use inferences to bridge gaps align response to speaker's message signal comprehension gap negotiate interlocutor's meaning escalation levels
COMPREHENSION- MONITORING Noticing trouble in understanding interlocutor's message that may endanger relevance of next own contribution 8 | Andreas Glombitza
9 | Andreas Glombitza (1/3) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction hearer message relevance comprehension monitoring: seemingly non- compatible lexical item (119) form a contextually appropriate hypothesis: "rehire" (Br, Ni) / "recruit" (Al) - -
10 | Andreas Glombitza (2/3) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction hearer message relevance comprehension monitoring: uncertain illocutionary force / propositional content of Ja's utterance (37) form a contextually appropriate hypothesis about IF and propositional content (proposing to wait) revise hypothesis to the effect that Ja intends to warn (IF) from potential side effects of this plan (waiting); ask for confirmation of hypothesis by paraphrasing IF and propositional content of Ja's previous turn (40) get negative response on paraphrase and a re-phrased message from Ja (41) 37 油Ja: 油[ 油And 油so 油if 油] 油if 油we're 油if 油we're 油pushing 油this 油back 油what 油is 油that 油going 油to 油what 油is 油that 油going 油to 油 mean? 油I 油mean 油in 油certain 油circumstances 油I 油can 油see 油that 油m 油meaning 油that 油we 油would 油fold 油under 油the 油 pressure 油not 油having 油the 油right 油of 油a 油lot 油of 油money. 油But 油it's 油just 油an 油idea. 油 38 油El: 油Yea. 油 39 油Ja: 油Instead 油of 油no 油more. 油 40 油El: 油So 油you're 油you're 油proposing 油not 油to 油go 油public 油on 油that 油date, 油but 油to 油wait? 油[ 油Are 油your 油argument 油] 油 41 油Ja: 油[ 油Uhm 油no 油] 油I 油mean 油I 油I 油think 油that's 油a 油I 油think 油that's 油a 油great 油[ 油idea 油], 油but 油I 油think 油another 油another 油 problem 油that 油we 油have 油another 油issue 油that 油we 油have 油to 油face 油is 油wha 油what 油does 油that 油what 油would 油that 油 mean 油for 油for 油a 油company 油for 油the 油money 油that 油we're 油we're 油going 油to 油become 油we're 油going 油to 油be 油uhm 油 bring 油in. 油 42 油El: 油That's 油a 油good 油point. 油 Midw_0910_ELF_05, 油Ja_247_En_m, 油El_246_It_f 油
11 | Andreas Glombitza (3/3) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction hearer message relevance comprehension monitoring: uncertain propositional meaning contribution of "benefits" (41) phrase relevant response (rejection of Ta's argument) (43) utter item with rising intonation; attach "sorry" with rising intonation acknowledge elaboration (43: "yeah") receive elaboration on the previous turn, focusing on "benefits " (42) Excerpt 23 油 39 油Ch: 油so 油if 油you 油are 油allowed 油to 油go 油or 油not 油yeah 油[ 油maybe 油] 油 40 油Ta: 油[ 油and 油how 油] 油it 油influences 油your 油benefits 油in 油that 油time 油 41 油Ch: 油benefits? 油sorry? 油 42 油Ta: 油benefits 油I 油mean 油the 油this 油company 油you've 油just 油said 油that 油it 油will 油take 油a 油long 油time 油to 油make 油a 油 control 油of 油all 油the 油things 油and 油in 油that 油time 油the 油company 油could 油have 油sold 油so 油many 油goods 油they 油were 油of 油 a 油good 油quality 油but 油they 油will 油influence 油their 油benefits 油 43 油Ch: 油yeah 油but 油isn't 油it 油possible 油to 油sell 油it 油parallelly 油 44 油Ta: 油parallelly? 油[ 油what 油do 油you 油] 油mean? 油 45 油Ch: 油[ 油yeah 油] 油 46 油Ch: 油at 油the 油same 油[ 油time 油] 油 Midw_10_TELF_01, 油Ch_257_Ge_m, 油Ta_259_Ru_f 油
FEEDBACK-MONITORING Noticing indicators of non-comprehension while phrasing a message 12 | Andreas Glombitza
13 | Andreas Glombitza (2/2) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility notice absence of expected feedback (receipts / okays / go-ons) proceed elicit feedback using "appealer" moves (cp. Edmondson/House 1981) get confirmation from Pr (121, 127) 120$Al:$But$we$don't$know$if$if$if$this$kind$of$technical$um$invention$has$already$saved$a$life.$So$we$ can't$prove$it$you$know$what$I$mean?$$ 121$Pr:$yes$ [...]$ 126$Al:$but$um$if$we$just$check$them$it$would$be$a$compromise$because$we$are$not$really$sure$that$ this$this$intercom$already$saved$a$life$you$know$what$I$mean?$$ 127$Pr:$yes$ A:$when$I$talk$a$long$time$and$try$to$explain$something$orIor$my$idea,$I$ask$the$question$"do$you$ know$what$I$mean?"$because$I$was$not$sure$if$they$were$getting$my$idea$because$they$were$like$ still$and$I$dont$know$if$they$were$thinking$about$what$they$were$saying$or$just$dont$getting$what$I$ dont$get$get$$ I1:$How$could$you$tell$that$they$werent$sure$about$your$ideas?$$ A:$because$nobody$was$saying$like$okay$okay$or$saying$nothing.$They$just$aaah$were$silent.$ Midw_1112_ELF_01,$Pr_270_It_f$,$Al_272_Sp_f$retrospective$comment$
14 | Andreas Glombitza (2/2) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility feedback monitoring: notice attributable silence on part of interlocutor (146) repeat and rephrase previous message (149) (cp. Kaur 2012) ask for comprehension (potential FTA, 147) receive uncertain answer from Da (148) 140$Ja:$(to$Da)$I$don't$think$so$because$the$is$uhm$also$the$pediatrics$they$commended$it$to$the$ customers$just$for$this$one$function$what$is$to$monitor$a$baby's$pulse$rate$[$and$][141$Jo:$Mhm$ ][142$Da:$Mhm$]$$it's$really$what$says$it$I$think$because$you$have$a$lot$of$intercoms$for$babies$but$ this$one$is$specif$specific$with$[$this$function$]$[143$Jo:$Mhm$]$and$I$think$if$you$want$just$an$just$ intercom$if$you$buy$just$intercom,$but$if$you$want$this$one$[$you$]$[144$Jo:$yea$]$buy$this$one$ because$of$the$function$and$I$don't$think$so$if$you$buy$it$you$don't$use$it,$it's$nonsense.$[$You$]$[145$ Jo:$Yea$uhm]$buy$it$because$you$want$use$it$and$you$can$can't$not$that$uhm$from$the$10,000$just$ to$use$it$you$cannot$count$it$because$I$think$the$people$know$what$they$bought$and$they$use$it$for$ this$reason$ 146$Da:$(long$pause)$Mhm$$right$ 147$Ja:$(to$Da)$Do#understand#what#I#mean?$ 148$Da:$Yea$I$think$so.$Uhm$ 149$Ja:$It$will$be$something$else$if$it$will$be$just$one$function$of$many$ 150$Da:$Mhm$ 151$Ja:$but$I$think$it's$in$this$case$it's$the$main$function$ 152$Jo:$Ja$f$alright$ 153:$Da:$Right$right$[well$I$think$]$that$this$ Ja:$Erm$Im$still$not$sure$that$Da$did$understand$the$thing$I$tried$to$explain$it$but$Im$not$sure$its$ okay$lets$see$maybe$it$will$be$okay$just$erm$confused$if$we$are$on$the$same$line$ $ Midw_08_NNSD_04, 油Ja_008 油retrospec7ve 油comment 油
SELF-MONITORING Noticing trouble that may endanger own-message accessibility 15 | Andreas Glombitza
16 | Andreas Glombitza (1/5) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility self-monitoring: creative license with lexical item (351) - (laughter by Pr)? 351$Pr:$they$should$be$lucky$that$um$because$if$um$the$mass$media$know$about$it,$it$would$be$ catastrophical$$ Pr:$I$don't$know$if$this$word$exists$in$English.$"Catastrophical",$you$know.$$ I1:$do$you$have$another$way$you$would$say$it?$$ Pr:$this$"disaster"$should$be$$ Midw_1112_ELF_01,$Pr_270_It_f$retrospective$comment$ (laughs)
17 | Andreas Glombitza (2/5)* notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility self-monitoring: ? avoid conditional construction? incongruent choice of personal pronoun self-initiated rephrasal to "it's not a problem" (simplify) self-initated self- correction to "they" signal correction "uhm" (cp. Clark and Fox Tree 2002) - 18 油Ed: 油Yea, 油I 油think 油that 油uhm 油if 油the 油purpose 油of 油the 油company 油is 油uhm 油earn 油earn 油money 油it 油doesn't 油 matter, 油it 油doesn't 油uhm 油it's 油not 油it's 油not 油a 油problem, 油yea? 油But 油if 油you 油uhm 油think 油in 油a 油social 油err 油point 油of 油 view 油it 油could 油be 油err 油a 油problem, 油yea? 油Because 油uhm 油it 油is 油a 油part 油of 油some 油uhm 油I 油don't 油know 油solution, 油it 油 could 油be 油a 油good 油solution 油for 油uhm 油the 油so 油only 油infant 油death, 油yea? 油It 油doesn't 油work 油err 油well 油so 油he 油have 油 to 油they 油have 油to 油improve 油something 油err 油better 油to 油to 油get 油uhm 油good 油err 油solution 油or 油everything. 油 Midw_07_MON_03, 油Ed_033_Sp_m 油 油 118 油Al 油: 油[ 油Yea 油], 油but 油how 油[ 油do 油you 油know 油it 油]? 油[ 油How 油do 油you 油know 油it 油doesn't 油work? 油] 油[ 油because 油it 油 doesn't 油make 油] 油it 油doesn't 油i 油it 油doesn't 油make 油any 油sounds 油[ 油so 油if 油the 油if 油the 油] 油if 油the 油baby 油is 油not 油good 油 good 油good? 油Err 油healthy 油yea 油uhm 油yo 油you're 油just 油not 油gonna 油know 油[ 油because 油if 油] 油it 油doesn't 油make 油any 油 sounds 油I 油err 油f 油soun. 油I 油thi 油yea 油err 油I 油think 油it's 油a 油good 油sign 油so 油[ 油that's 油the 油problem 油]. 油 Midw_08_NNSD_05, 油Al_001_Fr_m 油 油 8 油Jo: 油mhm 油but 油erm 油the 油sensors 油(hesitatingly) 油are 油not 油one 油of 油is 油 油(opens 油both 油hands) 油arent 油 油our 油 product. 油 油
18 | Andreas Glombitza (3/5) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility self-monitoring: lexical gap use "headphones" gestural: both index fingers to own ears accept lexical item by Sr "headphones" So: 油but 油maybe 油it 油is 油more 油like 油that 油than 油the 油I 油don't 油know 油how 油it 油is 油said 油(gestures 油to 油own 油ears) 油[ 油 油 油] 油 headphones 油yeah 油and 油that 油[ 油the 油the 油is 油working 油good 油] 油 Sr: 油[ 油headphones 油] 油 Ma: 油[ 油phones? 油] 油 Lu: 油[ 油so 油that 油there 油is 油no 油risk 油] 油 So: 油no 油um 油of 油course 油but 油I 油mean 油if 油if 油you 油can 油use 油it 油without 油um 油if 油you 油are 油going 油to 油use 油it 油without 油 that 油hairphones 油 油 油 Midw_1011_ELF_03, So_260_Sp_f, Sr_261_Ma_m, Ma_262_En_f, Lu_264_Sp_f
19 | Andreas Glombitza (4/5)* notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility self-monitoring: lexical gap (115) use "screws" verbal: "how do you" gestural: index fingers to neighbour's glasses reject first lexical item (glasses); narrow target concept; ask confirmation for second lexical item (screws, 117); accept second lexical item 115 油Ed: 油Mhm, 油it 油would 油be 油better 油because, 油I 油don't 油know, 油it's 油for 油example 油like 油uhm 油as 油a 油company 油 who 油who 油made 油a 油who 油make 油a 油how 油do 油you, 油how 油do 油(touches 油the 油frame 油of 油Ke's 油glasses) 油[ 油you 油call 油 the 油] 油err 油no 油err 油the 油little 油[ 油pieces 油] 油of 油err 油screws? 油 116 油Ke: 油[The 油glasses?] 油 117 油Ke: 油[Screws?] 油 118 油Ke: 油Yea 油like 油screwing, 油you 油know? 油(turns 油hand 油like 油with 油a 油screwdriver) 油 119: 油Ed: 油Yea 油like 油screws 油who 油who 油make 油a 油company 油who 油make 油this 油uhm 油things. 油Maybe 油they 油uhm 油 just 油produce 油it, 油but 油uhm 油I 油don't 油know 油maybe 油another 油company 油use 油that 油uhm 油to 油to 油make 油guns 油yea 油 and 油it's 油not 油uhm 油them 油fault. 油 油 油Midw_07_MON_03, 油Ed_033_Sp_m, 油Ke_109_En_m 油
20 | Andreas Glombitza (5/5)* notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility self-monitoring: lexical gap (196) use "affiliate" (205) verbal: "how is this called" reject first lexical item ("demand", 197); narrowing using code-switch to L3; paraphrase; asking for confirmation of second lexical item ("affilitate", 201); "grudgingly" accept affiliate (203) 196 油Ch: 油yeah 油that 油depends 油on 油uh 油uh 油uh 油on 油on 油on 油the 油possibilities 油this 油company 油has 油maybe 油they 油 should 油should 油acquire 油uh 油uh 油mmm 油uh 油uh 油mmm 油how 油is 油this 油called? 油such 油a 油uh 油such 油uh 油mm 油 197 油Ta: 油demand 油 198 油Ch: 油deliverer 油of 油of 油of 油such 油products 油mmm 油as 油as 油sucursal 油they 油say? 油I 油don't 油know 油really 油it 油is 油like 油 like 油uh 油uh 油uh 油a 油daughter 油of 油the 油head 油company 油 199 油Ta: 油uh 油yeah 油a 油daughter 油of 油 200 油El: 油affiliate 油 201 油Ch: 油affiliate? 油 202 油Ta: 油affiliating 油 203 油Ch: 油yeah 油well 油OK 油yeah 油that 油may 油be 油 204 油Ta: 油Konzernfiliale 油 205 油Ch: 油that 油maybe 油but 油mm 油or 油improve 油the 油uh 油the 油mm 油communication 油with 油with 油with 油the 油affiliate 油 or 油with 油or 油with 油the 油uh 油your 油delivery 油institution 油maybe 油 油 Midw_10_TELF_01, 油Ta_259_Ru_f, 油 油Ch_257_Ge_m 油
Summary ≒ Central role of monitoring strategies in production and comprehension for maintaining coherence at a subjectively acceptable level ≒ Variation with respect to speakers' propensity to escalate monitoring strategy to "signalling trouble", "negotiate meaning" or "engage in co-construction"; ≒ What makes some speakers / speaker combinations more prepared than others to engage in these behaviors? What are the limits of these strategies? 21 | Andreas Glombitza
References 財 Clark, H. H., und J. E. Fox Tree. (2002). Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking. Cognition 84 (1): 73111. Print. 財 Edmondson, W and J. House (1981). Let's talk, and talk about it : a pedagogic interactional grammar of English. M端nchen: Urban & Schwarzenberg. 財 House, J. (2002), Pragmatic Competence in Lingua Franca English, in: Knapp, K. and C. Meierkord (eds.), Lingua Franca Communication, 245-267, Frankfurt (Main): Peter Lang. 財 House, J. (2010): The Pragmatics of English as a Lingua Franca. Anna Trosborg (ed.): Handbook of Pragmatics. Vol. 7: Across Languages and Cultures. Berlin: Mouton, 363-387 財 Kaur, J. (2011) "Raising explicitness through self-repair in English as a lingua franca." Journal of Pragmatics 43 (11), 27042715 財 Kohn, K. (1990) Dimensionen lernersprachlicher Performanz. Theoretische und empirische Untersuchungen zum Zweitsprachenerwerb. T端bingen: Narr. 財 Kohn, K. (2011). "English as a lingua franca and the Standard English misunderstanding." In: De Houwer, Annick and Antje Wilton (eds.). English in Europe Today: Sociocultural and educational perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 7194. 財 Lesznyak, A. (2002). From chaos to the smallest common denominator. Topic management in English lingua franca communication. In: Karlfried Knapp and Christiane Meierkord (eds.), Lingua Franca Communication, 163-193. Frankfurt/Main: Lang. 財 Schiffrin, D. (1985). "Conversational Coherence: The role of 'well'." Language, 61 (3), 640-667. 財 Seidlhofer, B. (2009). Accommodation and the idiom principle in English as a Lingua Franca. Intercultural Pragmatics 6 (2). 195215. 財 Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford University Press. 22 | Andreas Glombitza
Thank you. Andreas Glombitza andreas.glombitza@uni-tuebingen.de

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Creating Coherence in Ad-hoc ELF Conversations

  • 1. 05.09.2013 Andreas Glombitza English Seminar Creating coherence in ad-hoc ELF conversations
  • 2. Coherence in ELF conversations Conversational coherence ≠ Centrifugal forces in (T)ELF conversations ≒ Centripetal strategies - Enhancing hearer message relevance р comprehension monitoring - Enhancing speaker meaning accessibility р monitoring for feedback р self-monitoring ｂ Summary 2 | Andreas Glombitza
  • 3. Coherence in conversation " [] What one speakers says in a conversation [is] heard as following sensibly from what another has said [...]". (Schiffrin 1985: 640) Shared responsibility for coherence - "a speaker is expected to formulate an utterance so that its message is accessible []". р S signals what info will suffice as a minimally coherent response - "the hearer [] is expected to demonstrate, through the next utterance, proper attention to that message." р H signals coherence by providing that info or otherwise relating to it 3 | Andreas Glombitza
  • 4. Make your contribution such as is required Coherence and conversational maxims ≒ Speaker maxim: "make your message accessible" - cp. Gricean maxim of manner (be brief, orderly, perspicuous, unambiguous) we will generally expect S to perform according to his/her own abilities and preferences (and make him/her feel like he/she does) ≒ Hearer maxim: "relate your response to S's previous message" - cp. Grice's maxim of relation we will generally expect H to be relevant (and treat him/her as if she is) Consequence: "normalization" of the conversation surface, strategy of "pretending to understand" (cp. House 2010: 368) 4 | Andreas Glombitza
  • 5. TELF discussions ≒ a fixed topic/task (short, written description of a business-world problem) webapp: a collection of transcripts & a conversational corpus with attached speaker-metadata and -retrospective data database ~40.000 words, 3.000 turns, 60 subjects (11NS/49NNS) 5 | Andreas Glombitza telf.uni-tuebingen.de
  • 6. "Centrifugal forces" in (T)ELF discussions loose overall discussion structure tendency for "favourite individual topics" ("own agenda" cp. House 2002) non-linear discussion process ("once again, back to start"), abrupt topic changes (cp. Lesznyak 2002, House 2002) speaker-meaning accessibility creative/unconventional usage of words (reliance on "open choice", cp. Seidlhofer 2009) "covert ambiguities" (e.g. stocks, recall) ambiguous pronunciations (e.g. [recreate] for recruit) interlocutors' general attention problems (due to monitoring strain) hearer-message relevance speaker meaning inaccessible (let-it-pass, "normalization" cp. House 2002, 2010) lack of gambits / supporting moves (cp. House 2002) hearer pursuing "own agenda hearer message not accessible (see above) 6 | Andreas Glombitza
  • 7. Centripetal strategies monitoring and repair 7 | Andreas Glombitza (also cp. Kohn 1990) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility self-monitoring feedback monitoring reorganize, rephrase rephrase signal gap, uncertainty, correction request feedback , confirmation give further clues, accept or decline offers negotiate own meaning hearer message relevance comprehension monitoring use inferences to bridge gaps align response to speaker's message signal comprehension gap negotiate interlocutor's meaning escalation levels
  • 8. COMPREHENSION- MONITORING Noticing trouble in understanding interlocutor's message that may endanger relevance of next own contribution 8 | Andreas Glombitza
  • 9. 9 | Andreas Glombitza (1/3) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction hearer message relevance comprehension monitoring: seemingly non- compatible lexical item (119) form a contextually appropriate hypothesis: "rehire" (Br, Ni) / "recruit" (Al) - -
  • 10. 10 | Andreas Glombitza (2/3) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction hearer message relevance comprehension monitoring: uncertain illocutionary force / propositional content of Ja's utterance (37) form a contextually appropriate hypothesis about IF and propositional content (proposing to wait) revise hypothesis to the effect that Ja intends to warn (IF) from potential side effects of this plan (waiting); ask for confirmation of hypothesis by paraphrasing IF and propositional content of Ja's previous turn (40) get negative response on paraphrase and a re-phrased message from Ja (41) 37 油Ja: 油[ 油And 油so 油if 油] 油if 油we're 油if 油we're 油pushing 油this 油back 油what 油is 油that 油going 油to 油what 油is 油that 油going 油to 油 mean? 油I 油mean 油in 油certain 油circumstances 油I 油can 油see 油that 油m 油meaning 油that 油we 油would 油fold 油under 油the 油 pressure 油not 油having 油the 油right 油of 油a 油lot 油of 油money. 油But 油it's 油just 油an 油idea. 油 38 油El: 油Yea. 油 39 油Ja: 油Instead 油of 油no 油more. 油 40 油El: 油So 油you're 油you're 油proposing 油not 油to 油go 油public 油on 油that 油date, 油but 油to 油wait? 油[ 油Are 油your 油argument 油] 油 41 油Ja: 油[ 油Uhm 油no 油] 油I 油mean 油I 油I 油think 油that's 油a 油I 油think 油that's 油a 油great 油[ 油idea 油], 油but 油I 油think 油another 油another 油 problem 油that 油we 油have 油another 油issue 油that 油we 油have 油to 油face 油is 油wha 油what 油does 油that 油what 油would 油that 油 mean 油for 油for 油a 油company 油for 油the 油money 油that 油we're 油we're 油going 油to 油become 油we're 油going 油to 油be 油uhm 油 bring 油in. 油 42 油El: 油That's 油a 油good 油point. 油 Midw_0910_ELF_05, 油Ja_247_En_m, 油El_246_It_f 油
  • 11. 11 | Andreas Glombitza (3/3) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction hearer message relevance comprehension monitoring: uncertain propositional meaning contribution of "benefits" (41) phrase relevant response (rejection of Ta's argument) (43) utter item with rising intonation; attach "sorry" with rising intonation acknowledge elaboration (43: "yeah") receive elaboration on the previous turn, focusing on "benefits " (42) Excerpt 23 油 39 油Ch: 油so 油if 油you 油are 油allowed 油to 油go 油or 油not 油yeah 油[ 油maybe 油] 油 40 油Ta: 油[ 油and 油how 油] 油it 油influences 油your 油benefits 油in 油that 油time 油 41 油Ch: 油benefits? 油sorry? 油 42 油Ta: 油benefits 油I 油mean 油the 油this 油company 油you've 油just 油said 油that 油it 油will 油take 油a 油long 油time 油to 油make 油a 油 control 油of 油all 油the 油things 油and 油in 油that 油time 油the 油company 油could 油have 油sold 油so 油many 油goods 油they 油were 油of 油 a 油good 油quality 油but 油they 油will 油influence 油their 油benefits 油 43 油Ch: 油yeah 油but 油isn't 油it 油possible 油to 油sell 油it 油parallelly 油 44 油Ta: 油parallelly? 油[ 油what 油do 油you 油] 油mean? 油 45 油Ch: 油[ 油yeah 油] 油 46 油Ch: 油at 油the 油same 油[ 油time 油] 油 Midw_10_TELF_01, 油Ch_257_Ge_m, 油Ta_259_Ru_f 油
  • 12. FEEDBACK-MONITORING Noticing indicators of non-comprehension while phrasing a message 12 | Andreas Glombitza
  • 13. 13 | Andreas Glombitza (2/2) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility notice absence of expected feedback (receipts / okays / go-ons) proceed elicit feedback using "appealer" moves (cp. Edmondson/House 1981) get confirmation from Pr (121, 127) 120$Al:$But$we$don't$know$if$if$if$this$kind$of$technical$um$invention$has$already$saved$a$life.$So$we$ can't$prove$it$you$know$what$I$mean?$$ 121$Pr:$yes$ [...]$ 126$Al:$but$um$if$we$just$check$them$it$would$be$a$compromise$because$we$are$not$really$sure$that$ this$this$intercom$already$saved$a$life$you$know$what$I$mean?$$ 127$Pr:$yes$ A:$when$I$talk$a$long$time$and$try$to$explain$something$orIor$my$idea,$I$ask$the$question$"do$you$ know$what$I$mean?"$because$I$was$not$sure$if$they$were$getting$my$idea$because$they$were$like$ still$and$I$dont$know$if$they$were$thinking$about$what$they$were$saying$or$just$dont$getting$what$I$ dont$get$get$$ I1:$How$could$you$tell$that$they$werent$sure$about$your$ideas?$$ A:$because$nobody$was$saying$like$okay$okay$or$saying$nothing.$They$just$aaah$were$silent.$ Midw_1112_ELF_01,$Pr_270_It_f$,$Al_272_Sp_f$retrospective$comment$
  • 14. 14 | Andreas Glombitza (2/2) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility feedback monitoring: notice attributable silence on part of interlocutor (146) repeat and rephrase previous message (149) (cp. Kaur 2012) ask for comprehension (potential FTA, 147) receive uncertain answer from Da (148) 140$Ja:$(to$Da)$I$don't$think$so$because$the$is$uhm$also$the$pediatrics$they$commended$it$to$the$ customers$just$for$this$one$function$what$is$to$monitor$a$baby's$pulse$rate$[$and$][141$Jo:$Mhm$ ][142$Da:$Mhm$]$$it's$really$what$says$it$I$think$because$you$have$a$lot$of$intercoms$for$babies$but$ this$one$is$specif$specific$with$[$this$function$]$[143$Jo:$Mhm$]$and$I$think$if$you$want$just$an$just$ intercom$if$you$buy$just$intercom,$but$if$you$want$this$one$[$you$]$[144$Jo:$yea$]$buy$this$one$ because$of$the$function$and$I$don't$think$so$if$you$buy$it$you$don't$use$it,$it's$nonsense.$[$You$]$[145$ Jo:$Yea$uhm]$buy$it$because$you$want$use$it$and$you$can$can't$not$that$uhm$from$the$10,000$just$ to$use$it$you$cannot$count$it$because$I$think$the$people$know$what$they$bought$and$they$use$it$for$ this$reason$ 146$Da:$(long$pause)$Mhm$$right$ 147$Ja:$(to$Da)$Do#understand#what#I#mean?$ 148$Da:$Yea$I$think$so.$Uhm$ 149$Ja:$It$will$be$something$else$if$it$will$be$just$one$function$of$many$ 150$Da:$Mhm$ 151$Ja:$but$I$think$it's$in$this$case$it's$the$main$function$ 152$Jo:$Ja$f$alright$ 153:$Da:$Right$right$[well$I$think$]$that$this$ Ja:$Erm$Im$still$not$sure$that$Da$did$understand$the$thing$I$tried$to$explain$it$but$Im$not$sure$its$ okay$lets$see$maybe$it$will$be$okay$just$erm$confused$if$we$are$on$the$same$line$ $ Midw_08_NNSD_04, 油Ja_008 油retrospec7ve 油comment 油
  • 15. SELF-MONITORING Noticing trouble that may endanger own-message accessibility 15 | Andreas Glombitza
  • 16. 16 | Andreas Glombitza (1/5) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility self-monitoring: creative license with lexical item (351) - (laughter by Pr)? 351$Pr:$they$should$be$lucky$that$um$because$if$um$the$mass$media$know$about$it,$it$would$be$ catastrophical$$ Pr:$I$don't$know$if$this$word$exists$in$English.$"Catastrophical",$you$know.$$ I1:$do$you$have$another$way$you$would$say$it?$$ Pr:$this$"disaster"$should$be$$ Midw_1112_ELF_01,$Pr_270_It_f$retrospective$comment$ (laughs)
  • 17. 17 | Andreas Glombitza (2/5)* notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility self-monitoring: ? avoid conditional construction? incongruent choice of personal pronoun self-initiated rephrasal to "it's not a problem" (simplify) self-initated self- correction to "they" signal correction "uhm" (cp. Clark and Fox Tree 2002) - 18 油Ed: 油Yea, 油I 油think 油that 油uhm 油if 油the 油purpose 油of 油the 油company 油is 油uhm 油earn 油earn 油money 油it 油doesn't 油 matter, 油it 油doesn't 油uhm 油it's 油not 油it's 油not 油a 油problem, 油yea? 油But 油if 油you 油uhm 油think 油in 油a 油social 油err 油point 油of 油 view 油it 油could 油be 油err 油a 油problem, 油yea? 油Because 油uhm 油it 油is 油a 油part 油of 油some 油uhm 油I 油don't 油know 油solution, 油it 油 could 油be 油a 油good 油solution 油for 油uhm 油the 油so 油only 油infant 油death, 油yea? 油It 油doesn't 油work 油err 油well 油so 油he 油have 油 to 油they 油have 油to 油improve 油something 油err 油better 油to 油to 油get 油uhm 油good 油err 油solution 油or 油everything. 油 Midw_07_MON_03, 油Ed_033_Sp_m 油 油 118 油Al 油: 油[ 油Yea 油], 油but 油how 油[ 油do 油you 油know 油it 油]? 油[ 油How 油do 油you 油know 油it 油doesn't 油work? 油] 油[ 油because 油it 油 doesn't 油make 油] 油it 油doesn't 油i 油it 油doesn't 油make 油any 油sounds 油[ 油so 油if 油the 油if 油the 油] 油if 油the 油baby 油is 油not 油good 油 good 油good? 油Err 油healthy 油yea 油uhm 油yo 油you're 油just 油not 油gonna 油know 油[ 油because 油if 油] 油it 油doesn't 油make 油any 油 sounds 油I 油err 油f 油soun. 油I 油thi 油yea 油err 油I 油think 油it's 油a 油good 油sign 油so 油[ 油that's 油the 油problem 油]. 油 Midw_08_NNSD_05, 油Al_001_Fr_m 油 油 8 油Jo: 油mhm 油but 油erm 油the 油sensors 油(hesitatingly) 油are 油not 油one 油of 油is 油 油(opens 油both 油hands) 油arent 油 油our 油 product. 油 油
  • 18. 18 | Andreas Glombitza (3/5) notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility self-monitoring: lexical gap use "headphones" gestural: both index fingers to own ears accept lexical item by Sr "headphones" So: 油but 油maybe 油it 油is 油more 油like 油that 油than 油the 油I 油don't 油know 油how 油it 油is 油said 油(gestures 油to 油own 油ears) 油[ 油 油 油] 油 headphones 油yeah 油and 油that 油[ 油the 油the 油is 油working 油good 油] 油 Sr: 油[ 油headphones 油] 油 Ma: 油[ 油phones? 油] 油 Lu: 油[ 油so 油that 油there 油is 油no 油risk 油] 油 So: 油no 油um 油of 油course 油but 油I 油mean 油if 油if 油you 油can 油use 油it 油without 油um 油if 油you 油are 油going 油to 油use 油it 油without 油 that 油hairphones 油 油 油 Midw_1011_ELF_03, So_260_Sp_f, Sr_261_Ma_m, Ma_262_En_f, Lu_264_Sp_f
  • 19. 19 | Andreas Glombitza (4/5)* notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility self-monitoring: lexical gap (115) use "screws" verbal: "how do you" gestural: index fingers to neighbour's glasses reject first lexical item (glasses); narrow target concept; ask confirmation for second lexical item (screws, 117); accept second lexical item 115 油Ed: 油Mhm, 油it 油would 油be 油better 油because, 油I 油don't 油know, 油it's 油for 油example 油like 油uhm 油as 油a 油company 油 who 油who 油made 油a 油who 油make 油a 油how 油do 油you, 油how 油do 油(touches 油the 油frame 油of 油Ke's 油glasses) 油[ 油you 油call 油 the 油] 油err 油no 油err 油the 油little 油[ 油pieces 油] 油of 油err 油screws? 油 116 油Ke: 油[The 油glasses?] 油 117 油Ke: 油[Screws?] 油 118 油Ke: 油Yea 油like 油screwing, 油you 油know? 油(turns 油hand 油like 油with 油a 油screwdriver) 油 119: 油Ed: 油Yea 油like 油screws 油who 油who 油make 油a 油company 油who 油make 油this 油uhm 油things. 油Maybe 油they 油uhm 油 just 油produce 油it, 油but 油uhm 油I 油don't 油know 油maybe 油another 油company 油use 油that 油uhm 油to 油to 油make 油guns 油yea 油 and 油it's 油not 油uhm 油them 油fault. 油 油 油Midw_07_MON_03, 油Ed_033_Sp_m, 油Ke_109_En_m 油
  • 20. 20 | Andreas Glombitza (5/5)* notice potential trouble do something about it direct interlocutors' attention to it engage in co- construction speaker meaning accessibility self-monitoring: lexical gap (196) use "affiliate" (205) verbal: "how is this called" reject first lexical item ("demand", 197); narrowing using code-switch to L3; paraphrase; asking for confirmation of second lexical item ("affilitate", 201); "grudgingly" accept affiliate (203) 196 油Ch: 油yeah 油that 油depends 油on 油uh 油uh 油uh 油on 油on 油on 油the 油possibilities 油this 油company 油has 油maybe 油they 油 should 油should 油acquire 油uh 油uh 油mmm 油uh 油uh 油mmm 油how 油is 油this 油called? 油such 油a 油uh 油such 油uh 油mm 油 197 油Ta: 油demand 油 198 油Ch: 油deliverer 油of 油of 油of 油such 油products 油mmm 油as 油as 油sucursal 油they 油say? 油I 油don't 油know 油really 油it 油is 油like 油 like 油uh 油uh 油uh 油a 油daughter 油of 油the 油head 油company 油 199 油Ta: 油uh 油yeah 油a 油daughter 油of 油 200 油El: 油affiliate 油 201 油Ch: 油affiliate? 油 202 油Ta: 油affiliating 油 203 油Ch: 油yeah 油well 油OK 油yeah 油that 油may 油be 油 204 油Ta: 油Konzernfiliale 油 205 油Ch: 油that 油maybe 油but 油mm 油or 油improve 油the 油uh 油the 油mm 油communication 油with 油with 油with 油the 油affiliate 油 or 油with 油or 油with 油the 油uh 油your 油delivery 油institution 油maybe 油 油 Midw_10_TELF_01, 油Ta_259_Ru_f, 油 油Ch_257_Ge_m 油
  • 21. Summary ≒ Central role of monitoring strategies in production and comprehension for maintaining coherence at a subjectively acceptable level ≒ Variation with respect to speakers' propensity to escalate monitoring strategy to "signalling trouble", "negotiate meaning" or "engage in co-construction"; ≒ What makes some speakers / speaker combinations more prepared than others to engage in these behaviors? What are the limits of these strategies? 21 | Andreas Glombitza
  • 22. References 財 Clark, H. H., und J. E. Fox Tree. (2002). Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking. Cognition 84 (1): 73111. Print. 財 Edmondson, W and J. House (1981). Let's talk, and talk about it : a pedagogic interactional grammar of English. M端nchen: Urban & Schwarzenberg. 財 House, J. (2002), Pragmatic Competence in Lingua Franca English, in: Knapp, K. and C. Meierkord (eds.), Lingua Franca Communication, 245-267, Frankfurt (Main): Peter Lang. 財 House, J. (2010): The Pragmatics of English as a Lingua Franca. Anna Trosborg (ed.): Handbook of Pragmatics. Vol. 7: Across Languages and Cultures. Berlin: Mouton, 363-387 財 Kaur, J. (2011) "Raising explicitness through self-repair in English as a lingua franca." Journal of Pragmatics 43 (11), 27042715 財 Kohn, K. (1990) Dimensionen lernersprachlicher Performanz. Theoretische und empirische Untersuchungen zum Zweitsprachenerwerb. T端bingen: Narr. 財 Kohn, K. (2011). "English as a lingua franca and the Standard English misunderstanding." In: De Houwer, Annick and Antje Wilton (eds.). English in Europe Today: Sociocultural and educational perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 7194. 財 Lesznyak, A. (2002). From chaos to the smallest common denominator. Topic management in English lingua franca communication. In: Karlfried Knapp and Christiane Meierkord (eds.), Lingua Franca Communication, 163-193. Frankfurt/Main: Lang. 財 Schiffrin, D. (1985). "Conversational Coherence: The role of 'well'." Language, 61 (3), 640-667. 財 Seidlhofer, B. (2009). Accommodation and the idiom principle in English as a Lingua Franca. Intercultural Pragmatics 6 (2). 195215. 財 Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford University Press. 22 | Andreas Glombitza
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