Kalitim

Apr 11, 2013Download as PPTX, PDF0 likes950 views

Uğur Deligözoğlu

Kalıtım
Kalıtsal Karakter:

Nesilden nesile genlerle aktarılan özelliklere kalıtsal özellik (kalıtsal
karakter) denir.

Mendel’in Kalıtım Çalışmaları
Mendel çalışmalarında bezelye bitkisini kullandı. Bezelye
bitkileri çaprazlama için çok elverişli özelliklere sahiptir.

Çünkü bu bitkiler;

 kısa zamanda döl verir,
 çeşitleri çoktur,
 çiçeğin taç yaprakları, dişli ve erkek organları tamamen
sardığından yumurta hücresi başka bir bitkinin polenleriyle tozlaşma
yapmaz.

Bir canlının sahip olduğu genlerin toplamına genotip, canlının
bu genetik yapısına ve çevresel etkenlere bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan dış
görünüşüne de fenotip adı verilir.

Uzun boylu Kısa boylu
Arı döl Arı döl
UU uu

Uu Uu Uu Uu

Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Uzun boylu
Melez döl Melez döl Melez döl Melez döl
Uu Uu Uu Uu

Biri
baskın saf döl
diğeri
çekinik saf döl
iki bireyin
çaprazlanması
sonucu
% 100
baskın melez döl
yavru doğar.

Uzun boylu Kısa boylu
Melez döl Melez döl
Uu Uu

UU Uu Uu uu

Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Kısa boylu
Arı döl Melez döl Melez döl Arı döl
UU Uu Uu uu

İkisi de
baskın melez döl
iki bireyin
çaprazlanması
sonucu
% 25 saf baskın döl
% 50 baskın melez döl
%25 çekinik saf döl
yavru doğar.

Uzun boylu Uzun boylu
Arı döl Melez döl
UU Uu

UU UU Uu Uu

Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Uzun boylu
Arı döl Arı döl Melez döl Melez döl
UU UU Uu Uu

Biri
baskın saf döl
diğeri
baskın melez döl
iki bireyin
çaprazlanması
sonucu
% 50 baskın saf döl
%50 baskın melez döl
yavru doğar.

Uzun boylu Kısa boylu
Melez döl Saf döl
Uu uu

Uu Uu uu uu

Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Kısa boylu Kısa boylu
Melez döl Melez döl Arı döl Arı döl
Uu Uu uu uu

Biri
baskın melez döl
diğeri
çekinik saf döl
iki bireyin
çaprazlanması
sonucu
% 50 baskın melez döl
%50 çekinik saf döl
yavru doğar.

KALITIM CİNSİYETİ BELİRLER
Dişi ve erkekten alınan birer vücut hücresi mikroskopta
incelendiğinde; dişi kromozomlarını 23 çift olarak eşleştirebiliriz.
Erkeklerdeyse 22 çift kromozomu eşleştirebildiğimiz halde 23. çiftin
birbirinden farklı olduğunu görürüz. Kalan iki kromozom birbirinin eşi
değildir. Birinin şekli X’e benzerken, diğeri daha küçüktür ve ters dönmüş
minik bir Y’ye benzer. Yani 23. çift kromozom erkekte XY şeklinde, dişide
XX şeklindedir. İşte bu kromozomlara eşey kromozomları denir.
Öyleyse hücrede bulunan 46 kromozomun iki tanesi eşey
kromozomudur. Çocuk olurken bu eşey kromozomları (X ve Y) cinsiyeti
belirler. Cinsiyetin belirlenmesinde annenin herhangi bir etkisi olamaz.
Anne sadece X geni gönderebilir. Ancak baba X geni gönderirse çocuk kız
olurken Y geni gönderirse çocuk erkek olur.

ERKEK BİR
ANNE İLE BABANIN
GÖNDERDİKLERİ
KIZ GENLERDEN
4 İHTİMAL OLUŞUR.
BUNLARDAN
2 TANESİ KIZ
2 TANESİ ERKEK
İHTİMALİDİR.
YANİ
KIZ %50 KIZ
ERKEK %50 ERKEK

KALITSAL HASTALIKLAR

ORAK HÜCRELİ ANEMİ
Vücut hücrelerinde görülür.
SS : Sağlıklı birey
Ss : Taşıyıcı birey
Ss : Hasta birey

RENK KÖRLÜĞÜ HEMOFİLİ
Eşey hücrelerinde görülür.
H h
XY : Sağlıklı Erkek XY : Hasta Erkek
H H H h h h
XX: Sağlıklı Dişi XX: Taşıyıcı Dişi XX: Hasta Dişi

 Baba sağlıklı ise kız çocuklar hasta olamaz
 Kız çocukların hasta olması için
baba KESİNLİKLE hasta olmalıdır.

 Anne hasta ise erkek çocuklar KESİNLİKLE
hasta olur.

FEN VE TEKNOLOJİ
ÖĞRETMENİ

NAZMİ
DELİGÖZOĞLU
ANKARA - 2013

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Kalitim

1. KALITIM

2. Kalıtım Kalıtsal Karakter: Nesilden nesile genlerle aktarılan özelliklere kalıtsal özellik (kalıtsal karakter) denir.

3. Mendel’in Kalıtım Çalışmaları Mendel çalışmalarında bezelye bitkisini kullandı. Bezelye bitkileri çaprazlama için çok elverişli özelliklere sahiptir. Çünkü bu bitkiler;  kısa zamanda döl verir,  çeşitleri çoktur,  çiçeğin taç yaprakları, dişli ve erkek organları tamamen sardığından yumurta hücresi başka bir bitkinin polenleriyle tozlaşma yapmaz. Bir canlının sahip olduğu genlerin toplamına genotip, canlının bu genetik yapısına ve çevresel etkenlere bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan dış görünüşüne de fenotip adı verilir.

4. Uzun boylu Kısa boylu Arı döl Arı döl UU uu Uu Uu Uu Uu Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Melez döl Melez döl Melez döl Melez döl Uu Uu Uu Uu

5. Biri baskın saf döl diğeri çekinik saf döl iki bireyin çaprazlanması sonucu % 100 baskın melez döl yavru doğar.

6. Uzun boylu Kısa boylu Melez döl Melez döl Uu Uu UU Uu Uu uu Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Kısa boylu Arı döl Melez döl Melez döl Arı döl UU Uu Uu uu

7. İkisi de baskın melez döl iki bireyin çaprazlanması sonucu % 25 saf baskın döl % 50 baskın melez döl %25 çekinik saf döl yavru doğar.

8. Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Arı döl Melez döl UU Uu UU UU Uu Uu Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Arı döl Arı döl Melez döl Melez döl UU UU Uu Uu

9. Biri baskın saf döl diğeri baskın melez döl iki bireyin çaprazlanması sonucu % 50 baskın saf döl %50 baskın melez döl yavru doğar.

10. Uzun boylu Kısa boylu Melez döl Saf döl Uu uu Uu Uu uu uu Uzun boylu Uzun boylu Kısa boylu Kısa boylu Melez döl Melez döl Arı döl Arı döl Uu Uu uu uu

11. Biri baskın melez döl diğeri çekinik saf döl iki bireyin çaprazlanması sonucu % 50 baskın melez döl %50 çekinik saf döl yavru doğar.

16. KALITIM CİNSİYETİ BELİRLER Dişi ve erkekten alınan birer vücut hücresi mikroskopta incelendiğinde; dişi kromozomlarını 23 çift olarak eşleştirebiliriz. Erkeklerdeyse 22 çift kromozomu eşleştirebildiğimiz halde 23. çiftin birbirinden farklı olduğunu görürüz. Kalan iki kromozom birbirinin eşi değildir. Birinin şekli X’e benzerken, diğeri daha küçüktür ve ters dönmüş minik bir Y’ye benzer. Yani 23. çift kromozom erkekte XY şeklinde, dişide XX şeklindedir. İşte bu kromozomlara eşey kromozomları denir. Öyleyse hücrede bulunan 46 kromozomun iki tanesi eşey kromozomudur. Çocuk olurken bu eşey kromozomları (X ve Y) cinsiyeti belirler. Cinsiyetin belirlenmesinde annenin herhangi bir etkisi olamaz. Anne sadece X geni gönderebilir. Ancak baba X geni gönderirse çocuk kız olurken Y geni gönderirse çocuk erkek olur.

17. ERKEK BİR ANNE İLE BABANIN GÖNDERDİKLERİ KIZ GENLERDEN 4 İHTİMAL OLUŞUR. BUNLARDAN 2 TANESİ KIZ 2 TANESİ ERKEK İHTİMALİDİR. YANİ KIZ %50 KIZ ERKEK %50 ERKEK

18. KALITSAL HASTALIKLAR ORAK HÜCRELİ ANEMİ Vücut hücrelerinde görülür. SS : Sağlıklı birey Ss : Taşıyıcı birey Ss : Hasta birey RENK KÖRLÜĞÜ HEMOFİLİ Eşey hücrelerinde görülür. H h XY : Sağlıklı Erkek XY : Hasta Erkek H H H h h h XX: Sağlıklı Dişi XX: Taşıyıcı Dişi XX: Hasta Dişi

21.  Baba sağlıklı ise kız çocuklar hasta olamaz  Kız çocukların hasta olması için baba KESİNLİKLE hasta olmalıdır.

22.  Anne hasta ise erkek çocuklar KESİNLİKLE hasta olur.

23. FEN VE TEKNOLOJİ ÖĞRETMENİ NAZMİ DELİGÖZOĞLU ANKARA - 2013

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