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aqion phreeqc water carbonic acid ph value titration hydrochemistry water chemistry acid law of mass action h2co3 charge balance mole balance equivalence points acetic acid bases equilibrium thermodynamics h2o acidity constants citric acid phosphoric acid aqueous speciation buffer intensity ampholytes proton balance acids charge balance error cations equilibrium reactions geochemistry water analysis aqueous complexes anions semi-equivalence points lectures base alkalimetric titration carbonate system alkalinity buffer capacity chemistry equivalent points seawater hydrogen carbonate henry's law carbonate speciation carbonate chemistry carbonate kinetics carbon dioxide composite carbonic acid apparent carbonic acid kinetic rates true carbonic acid equilibrium constant co2