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Pseudomonas 02.04.16

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This document provides information on the bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus. It discusses that V. parahaemolyticus requires higher salt concentrations, is a natural inhabitant of seawater and marine life, and is an important cause of foodborne illness from seafood. It causes gastroenteritis in humans and can be identified by its capsule staining and pleomorphism. Thermostable direct hemolysin is a key virulence factor and it is found in pathogenic strains. Pathogenic strains show beta-hemolysis on blood agar. It is widely distributed in estuary and marine environments and seafood is the main source and reservoir of infection acquired from contaminated seafood.

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Vibrios requiring a higher concentration of sodium chloride natural inhabitants of sea water and marine life V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus,V. vulnificus - important halophilic vibrios species known to cause infection in humans
important cause of seafood-associated gas troenteritis throughout the world differs from V. cholerae by having a capsule showing bipolar staining and pleomorphism it has polar flagella when grown in liquid culture, but shows peritrichous flagella whengrown on solid media.
salt concentration : up to 8% Growth characters: Mac:nonlactose- fermenting colonies Blood agar:beta-hemolytic colonies TCBS:nonsucrose-fermenting green colonies oxidase positive Catalase - positive
Antigens: somatic O antigens, flagellar H antigens, capsular K antigen. Serotyping is based on O and K antigen.
Virulence factors: Thermostable direct hemolysin is the key virulence factor of V. parahaemolyticus. This is found only in strains that are pathogenic to human beings.
Kanagawa phenomenon Pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus when grown on a special high-salt mannitol medium (Wagatsuma agar) show hemolysis on blood agar Nonpathogenic strains isolated from environment that do not cause any hemolysis
Habitat: is widely distributed in estuary and marine environments. Seafood, such as fish, crabs, or oysters, is the main source and reservoir of infection. The infection is acquired on consumption of contaminated seafood.
Clinical manifestations: in humans causes gastroenteritis severity of the condition can vary from mild self- limited diarrhea to an acute illness nausea,vomiting, abdominal pain, and low-grade fever, which may be present for 3 days Stool usually does not contain any blood or mucus, but contains cellular exudates
Extraintestinal infections: wound infections and ear and eye infections in individuals exposed to contaminated sea water
V. alginolyticus is widely distributed in sea water and seafood. high salt tolerance and can grow even in the presence of 10% sodium chloride TCBS agar: large yellow sucrose-fermenting colonies. shows swarming on the surface of nonselective medium, such as blood agar
associated with infections of superficial wounds exposed to contaminated sea water has been associated with infections of the gastrointestinal tract, ear, and eye.
Properties Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Growth in 10% agar - + Presence of swarming - + Fermentation of sucrose - + VP test - +
formerly known as L vibrio,or Benekea vulnificus TCBS: produces green nonsucrose- fermenting colonies on TCBS medium differs from V. parahaemolyticus and other Vibrio species by its ability to ferment lactose
Virulence: more virulent bacterium than V.parahaemolyticus. capsule hydrolytic enzymes, such as cytolysins, proteases, and collagenases resistant to complement- and antibody- mediated lysis
Clinical manifestations: wound infection and gastroenteritis rapidly progressing to septicemia
Wound infections: caused by contaminated sea water short incubation period of 324 hours wounds are usually present on the fingers, palms, or soles of the feet rapidly progresses to necrosis, gangrene,or necrotizing fasciitis
Gastroenteritis: following the consumption of raw seafood on exposure rapidly progresses to septicaemia manifests as multiple hemorrhagic bullae and extensive ecchymosis distributed on the lower extremities Hypotension , oliguria and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
V. vulnificus produces life-threatening illness, immediate and prompt treatment with antibiotics is essential. Tetracyclines or aminoglycosides are the antibiotics of choice The condition is prevented by avoidance of raw and undercooked seafood.
PSEUDOMONAS
A large group of aerobic, non sporing gram negative bacteria motile by polar flagella Found in water, soil, other moist environments Some of them are pathogenic to plants 21
Classification Based on rRNA DNA homology groups Five ribosomal RNA groups Based on Phenotypic characters Seven groups Fluroscent, stutzeri, alcaligens, pseudomallei, acidovorans, facilis & diminuta
Gram negative bacteria Size 1.5 3 x 0.5 袖 m Actively motile by polar flagella Produces extracellular polysaccharide k/a alginate
Obligate aerobe Grows at a temp range of 6 - 420 C Produces colonies with distinctive musty, mawkish or earthy smell.
Growth on Blood agar - colonies are moist flat, irregular edges, greenish pigmented, showing zone of hemolysis
Growth on MacConkey agar Non lactose fermenting colonies
Growth on Nutrient agar Greenish pigment Pyocin Pyorubin Pyomelanin Fluroscein
Selective media Cetrimide agar Pigment enhancing media Kings A Kings B
Cell surface Alginate Lipopolysaccharide Pili Flagella Outer membrane Siderophore receptors Efflux pumps
Type III secretions Secreted proteins Las A Las B Iron acquisition Pyoverdine Pyochelin
Secreted toxins Exotoxin A Leucocidin Phospholipidases Quorum sensing
Complex and diverse Rarely causes infection in healthy individuals
Disruption of cutaneous / mucosal barrier Burns Dermatitis Penetrating trauma Surgery Endotracheal intubation Catheterisation
Immunosuppression Neutropenia Hypogamaglobulinemia Defective CMI Extremes of age Diabetes mellitus Steroids Cystic fibrosis AIDS cancer
Disturbed normal flora Long term hospital stay Broad spectrum antibiotics
Host factors Bacterial factors Attachment Invasion Epithilium Soluble factors Anaphylotoxins Neutrophils Complement factors Pili Flagella Alginate LPS OMP Type III secretion LPS Elastase Proteases SiderophoresToxins
Can cause infection anywhere In adults mostly associated as a nosocomial pathogen In paediatric population it mainly causes infection in cystic fibrosis patients
Superficial infections Burn wound infections Otitis externa / Malignant otitis externa Pseudomonas keratitis
Systemic infections Respiratory tract infections Bacterimia Endocarditis CNS infections Urinary tract infections Bone and joint infections
Hospital acquired infections Pneumonia Endotracheal tubes Ventilator tubings Humidifiers Nebulizers
Catheter associated infections UTI Line associated bacterimias Iatarogenic meningitis Post lumbar puncture Post neurosurgery
Sample collection Respiratory tract infection Sputum Bronchioalveolar lavage Bronchial washings CNS infections CSF Bacteremia Blood
Eye infections Corneal scrapings Contact lenses Lens fluid Ear infection Ear swabs Superficial infections Wound swabs
Microscopy Grams staining
Culture BA MA Selective medium Biochemical reactions Oxidase Hugh & Leifsons OF reactions
Antibiotic sensitivity Pyocin typing Molecular methods
Aminoglycosides Gentamycin, Amikacin, Cephalosporins Cefotaxime. Ceftazidime. Ofloxacin, Piperacillin, ticarcillin Local application, colistin, polymyxin 47
Septicaemia Endocarditis Ecthyma gangrenous Infantile diarrhoea Shanghai fever Disabling eye infections Survive with minimal nutrients 48
Patients with cystic fibrosis are highly susceptible to pseudomonas lung infections. cancer burn patients immunocompromised.. 49
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequently encountered lung pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Following initial, often intermittent, episodes of infection, it becomes a permanently established component of the chronically infected lung in more 50
Respirators Endotracheal tubes Can be Infected All equipment's to be sterilized 51
Toxic extracellular products in culture filtrates Exotoxin A and S Exotoxin A acts as NADase resembling Diphtheria toxin Proteases,elastatese hemolysins and enterotoxin Slime layer and Biofilms 52
Diagnosis of P,aeroginosa infection depends upon isolation and laboratory identification of the bacterium. blood agar / eosin-methylthionine blue agar Grams inability to ferment lactose, a positive oxidase reaction, its fruity odour, and its ability to grow at 42属C. Fluorescence under ultraviolet light is helpful in early identification of P.s aeruginosa colonies. Fluorescence is also used to suggest the 53
P. aeruginosa Prevention and Control Pseudomonas spp. normally inhabit soil, water, and vegetation and can be isolated from the skin, throat, and stool of healthy persons. Spread is mainly via contaminated sterile equipment's and cross-contamination of patients by medical personnel. High risk population: patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics, with leukemia, burns, cystic fibrosis, and immunosuppression. Methods for control of infection are similar to those for other nosocomial pathogens. Special attention should be paid to sinks, water baths, showers, hot tubs, and other wet areas.
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Pseudomonas 02.04.16

  • 2. Vibrios requiring a higher concentration of sodium chloride natural inhabitants of sea water and marine life V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus,V. vulnificus - important halophilic vibrios species known to cause infection in humans
  • 3. important cause of seafood-associated gas troenteritis throughout the world differs from V. cholerae by having a capsule showing bipolar staining and pleomorphism it has polar flagella when grown in liquid culture, but shows peritrichous flagella whengrown on solid media.
  • 4. salt concentration : up to 8% Growth characters: Mac:nonlactose- fermenting colonies Blood agar:beta-hemolytic colonies TCBS:nonsucrose-fermenting green colonies oxidase positive Catalase - positive
  • 5. Antigens: somatic O antigens, flagellar H antigens, capsular K antigen. Serotyping is based on O and K antigen.
  • 6. Virulence factors: Thermostable direct hemolysin is the key virulence factor of V. parahaemolyticus. This is found only in strains that are pathogenic to human beings.
  • 7. Kanagawa phenomenon Pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus when grown on a special high-salt mannitol medium (Wagatsuma agar) show hemolysis on blood agar Nonpathogenic strains isolated from environment that do not cause any hemolysis
  • 8. Habitat: is widely distributed in estuary and marine environments. Seafood, such as fish, crabs, or oysters, is the main source and reservoir of infection. The infection is acquired on consumption of contaminated seafood.
  • 9. Clinical manifestations: in humans causes gastroenteritis severity of the condition can vary from mild self- limited diarrhea to an acute illness nausea,vomiting, abdominal pain, and low-grade fever, which may be present for 3 days Stool usually does not contain any blood or mucus, but contains cellular exudates
  • 10. Extraintestinal infections: wound infections and ear and eye infections in individuals exposed to contaminated sea water
  • 11. V. alginolyticus is widely distributed in sea water and seafood. high salt tolerance and can grow even in the presence of 10% sodium chloride TCBS agar: large yellow sucrose-fermenting colonies. shows swarming on the surface of nonselective medium, such as blood agar
  • 12. associated with infections of superficial wounds exposed to contaminated sea water has been associated with infections of the gastrointestinal tract, ear, and eye.
  • 13. Properties Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Growth in 10% agar - + Presence of swarming - + Fermentation of sucrose - + VP test - +
  • 14. formerly known as L vibrio,or Benekea vulnificus TCBS: produces green nonsucrose- fermenting colonies on TCBS medium differs from V. parahaemolyticus and other Vibrio species by its ability to ferment lactose
  • 15. Virulence: more virulent bacterium than V.parahaemolyticus. capsule hydrolytic enzymes, such as cytolysins, proteases, and collagenases resistant to complement- and antibody- mediated lysis
  • 16. Clinical manifestations: wound infection and gastroenteritis rapidly progressing to septicemia
  • 17. Wound infections: caused by contaminated sea water short incubation period of 324 hours wounds are usually present on the fingers, palms, or soles of the feet rapidly progresses to necrosis, gangrene,or necrotizing fasciitis
  • 18. Gastroenteritis: following the consumption of raw seafood on exposure rapidly progresses to septicaemia manifests as multiple hemorrhagic bullae and extensive ecchymosis distributed on the lower extremities Hypotension , oliguria and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
  • 19. V. vulnificus produces life-threatening illness, immediate and prompt treatment with antibiotics is essential. Tetracyclines or aminoglycosides are the antibiotics of choice The condition is prevented by avoidance of raw and undercooked seafood.
  • 21. A large group of aerobic, non sporing gram negative bacteria motile by polar flagella Found in water, soil, other moist environments Some of them are pathogenic to plants 21
  • 22. Classification Based on rRNA DNA homology groups Five ribosomal RNA groups Based on Phenotypic characters Seven groups Fluroscent, stutzeri, alcaligens, pseudomallei, acidovorans, facilis & diminuta
  • 23. Gram negative bacteria Size 1.5 3 x 0.5 袖 m Actively motile by polar flagella Produces extracellular polysaccharide k/a alginate
  • 24. Obligate aerobe Grows at a temp range of 6 - 420 C Produces colonies with distinctive musty, mawkish or earthy smell.
  • 25. Growth on Blood agar - colonies are moist flat, irregular edges, greenish pigmented, showing zone of hemolysis
  • 26. Growth on MacConkey agar Non lactose fermenting colonies
  • 27. Growth on Nutrient agar Greenish pigment Pyocin Pyorubin Pyomelanin Fluroscein
  • 28. Selective media Cetrimide agar Pigment enhancing media Kings A Kings B
  • 29. Cell surface Alginate Lipopolysaccharide Pili Flagella Outer membrane Siderophore receptors Efflux pumps
  • 30. Type III secretions Secreted proteins Las A Las B Iron acquisition Pyoverdine Pyochelin
  • 31. Secreted toxins Exotoxin A Leucocidin Phospholipidases Quorum sensing
  • 32. Complex and diverse Rarely causes infection in healthy individuals
  • 33. Disruption of cutaneous / mucosal barrier Burns Dermatitis Penetrating trauma Surgery Endotracheal intubation Catheterisation
  • 34. Immunosuppression Neutropenia Hypogamaglobulinemia Defective CMI Extremes of age Diabetes mellitus Steroids Cystic fibrosis AIDS cancer
  • 35. Disturbed normal flora Long term hospital stay Broad spectrum antibiotics
  • 36. Host factors Bacterial factors Attachment Invasion Epithilium Soluble factors Anaphylotoxins Neutrophils Complement factors Pili Flagella Alginate LPS OMP Type III secretion LPS Elastase Proteases SiderophoresToxins
  • 37. Can cause infection anywhere In adults mostly associated as a nosocomial pathogen In paediatric population it mainly causes infection in cystic fibrosis patients
  • 38. Superficial infections Burn wound infections Otitis externa / Malignant otitis externa Pseudomonas keratitis
  • 39. Systemic infections Respiratory tract infections Bacterimia Endocarditis CNS infections Urinary tract infections Bone and joint infections
  • 40. Hospital acquired infections Pneumonia Endotracheal tubes Ventilator tubings Humidifiers Nebulizers
  • 41. Catheter associated infections UTI Line associated bacterimias Iatarogenic meningitis Post lumbar puncture Post neurosurgery
  • 42. Sample collection Respiratory tract infection Sputum Bronchioalveolar lavage Bronchial washings CNS infections CSF Bacteremia Blood
  • 43. Eye infections Corneal scrapings Contact lenses Lens fluid Ear infection Ear swabs Superficial infections Wound swabs
  • 45. Culture BA MA Selective medium Biochemical reactions Oxidase Hugh & Leifsons OF reactions
  • 47. Aminoglycosides Gentamycin, Amikacin, Cephalosporins Cefotaxime. Ceftazidime. Ofloxacin, Piperacillin, ticarcillin Local application, colistin, polymyxin 47
  • 48. Septicaemia Endocarditis Ecthyma gangrenous Infantile diarrhoea Shanghai fever Disabling eye infections Survive with minimal nutrients 48
  • 49. Patients with cystic fibrosis are highly susceptible to pseudomonas lung infections. cancer burn patients immunocompromised.. 49
  • 50. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequently encountered lung pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Following initial, often intermittent, episodes of infection, it becomes a permanently established component of the chronically infected lung in more 50
  • 51. Respirators Endotracheal tubes Can be Infected All equipment's to be sterilized 51
  • 52. Toxic extracellular products in culture filtrates Exotoxin A and S Exotoxin A acts as NADase resembling Diphtheria toxin Proteases,elastatese hemolysins and enterotoxin Slime layer and Biofilms 52
  • 53. Diagnosis of P,aeroginosa infection depends upon isolation and laboratory identification of the bacterium. blood agar / eosin-methylthionine blue agar Grams inability to ferment lactose, a positive oxidase reaction, its fruity odour, and its ability to grow at 42属C. Fluorescence under ultraviolet light is helpful in early identification of P.s aeruginosa colonies. Fluorescence is also used to suggest the 53
  • 54. P. aeruginosa Prevention and Control Pseudomonas spp. normally inhabit soil, water, and vegetation and can be isolated from the skin, throat, and stool of healthy persons. Spread is mainly via contaminated sterile equipment's and cross-contamination of patients by medical personnel. High risk population: patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics, with leukemia, burns, cystic fibrosis, and immunosuppression. Methods for control of infection are similar to those for other nosocomial pathogens. Special attention should be paid to sinks, water baths, showers, hot tubs, and other wet areas.