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The document summarizes key information about the human skin. It describes the multiple layers of the skin and its role in protecting underlying tissues and organs. It notes that skin comes in hairy and glabrous types and discusses the two main factors that affect skin color: melanin and haemoglobin. Sweat glands are also summarized, including their role in temperature regulation and composition of sweat. The functions of skin in protection, sensation, heat regulation, control of evaporation and more are highlighted at the end.
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- 1. Compilation on Kriya Sharir iaiad%opk pp R a SUPERVISED BY:- SUBMITTED BY:- DR. SANDHAYA ASTHANA NAME:- NAVNEET KAUR (M.D. KRIYA SHARIR ) CLASS:- B.A.M.S 1 ST PROF. H.O.D (2012-13) ROLL NO:-19 DR. VIBHU KHANNA (M.D. KRIYA SHARIR) LECTURER
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- 15. The human skin is the outer covering of the body. In humans, it is the largest organ of the integumentary system. The skin has multiple layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs.Human skin is similar to that of most other mammals. Though nearly all human skin is covered with hair follicles, it can appear hairless. There are two general types of skin, hairy and glabrous skin. Because it interfaces with the environment, skin plays a key role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive water loss.Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, synthesis of vitamin D, and the protection of vitamin B folates.
- 23. There are main two important factors affecting skin color:-  Melanin  Haemoglobin
- 26. Sweat glands, also known as sudoriferous glands, are distributed over the entire body surface but are particularly abundant on the palms of hands, soles of feet, and on the forehead. Its primary function is body temperature regulation.Sweat is primarily composed of water (99%), various salts and organic compounds in solution. It contains minute amounts of fatty materials, urea, and other wastes. The concentration of sodium varies from 35–65 mmol/l and is lower in people acclimatized to a hot environment. The presence of sodium chloride gives sweat a salty taste.Sweat glands are coiled tubular glands leading directly to the most superficial layer of the epidermis (outer layer of skin) but extending into the inner layer of the skin (dermis layer). The two main types of sweat glands :- • eccrine glands • apocrine glands.
- 27. Eccrine sweat glands are smaller sweat glands that do not extend into the dermis. They are coiled tubular glands that discharge their secretions directly onto the surface of the skin. Eccrine glands have three primary functions: thermoregulation, excretion and protection. For thermoregulation, sweat cools the surface of the skin and reduces body temperature. For excretion, eccrine sweat glands can also provide a significant excretory route for water and electrolytes
- 29. Ceruminous Glands - the "Wax Glands" of the ear Ducts open either directly onto the surface of the external auditory canal or into the ducts of sebaceous glands. - The external auditory canal, also known (colloquially) as simply the "outer ear" The secretions from ceruminous glands combines with sebum secreted by nearby or associated sebaceous glands to form cerumen which is also known colloquially as "ear wax". - Cerumen, assisted by the hairs in the outer ear, protects the ear from particles originating outside of the body e.g. of dust, fine sand, or similar in the air getting into the ear itself. Cerumen provides a sticky barrier that prevents many such particles from going further into the ear. -
- 30. The various functions of the human skin are:- Protection: an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external environment in bodily defense; Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system. Sensation: contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat and cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury; see somatosensory system and haptics. Heat regulation: the skin contains a blood supply far greater than its requirements which allows precise control of energy loss by radiation, convection and conduction. Dilated blood vessels increase perfusion and heatloss, while constricted vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat. Control of evaporation: the skin provides a relatively dry and semi-impermeable barrier to fluid loss.Loss of this function contributes to the massive fluid loss in burns. Aesthetics and communication: others see our skin and can assess our mood, physical state and attractiveness. Storage and synthesis: acts as a storage center for lipids and water, as well as a means of synthesis of vitamin D by action of UV on certain parts of the skin. Excretion: sweat contains urea, however its concentration is 1/130th that of urine, hence excretion by sweating is at most a secondary function to temperature regulation. Water resistance: The skin acts as a water resistant barrier so essential nutrients aren't washed out of the body.