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derivatives types advantages investment decisions sources of finance sources of fund finance how it works? export import dumping meaning funding loan criticism disadvantages examples bonds sml lease backwardation types of loan financial services debt funding long term loan limitations international financial management exchange rate system responsibilities application advantages & disadvantages importance accounting treatment regulations accounts receivable turnover ratio participants promissory note over the counter market cml embedded derivatives irr budget exchange rates contango rate of return dividend short term revenue short term and long term debt hedging financial management sources of equity long term debt risk debt risk management method ltm revenue acquisition and merger maintenance margin income long hedge deficit bop balance of trade floating lien soft currency weak currency stock exchange capital market international bond market euro bonds cagr financial policy cal speculation real assets financial assets efficient market hypothesis straddle call put international monetary market physical obsolesces financial importers exporters brady bonds nicholas brady commodity fund structured notes business funding working total asset turnover ratio fixed asset turnover ratio net working capital ratio bullet loan factoring working capital open source currency hard currency strong currency revenue liquidating dividend libor negotiable instruments certificate of deposit shelf registration leveraged lease fundamental analysis technical analysis top-down & bottom up approach futures contract spot price forfaiting trades receivable management financial investment call spread put spread natural hedging international business strategy global transational multi-domestic international onerous contract ias 37 sources of debt equity funding debt and equity international business environment international business types of dividend sources on income long term revenue hedge fund types of lease classification of lease arbitrageur arbitrage fundraising crypto arbitrageur bancassurance banks insurance promissory notes loan agreements economic investment finance management graduated lease objective of finance capital market line economics liquidity preference theory financial planning commingled funds time weighted return fixed budget payable deferral period variances direct material financial planning process capital direct labor costing modified internal rate of retun time value of money persistent dumping internal rate of return strategic financial planning reverse dumping policy predatory dumping sporadic dumping gaaps importance of gaaps cost plus contract boundaryless organization types of boundaryless organization month to month lease leases budgeting ratio nash equilibrium prisoner's dilemma and nash equilibrium gray market ipo gray market gray market vs black market vs white market knock off goods bankruptcy trustee history who pays bankruptcy trustee poison pill poison put vs poison pill features requirement for creditors what option do debtors have? understanding the term choices in the hand of target company a way out of green practice real life example staggered board golden parachute in substance defeasance consideration of in substance defeasance history of in substance defeasance why company choose in substance defeasance imputation tax not all countries use it hell or high water clause are they valid in courts? junior debt treatment in books of accounts senior debt vs junior debt differences market risk key types measures hedge ratio formula strategies throughput accounting how it works key focus area golden handshake automatic stay in bankruptcy protections misconceptions creditors length equity market procedure locational arbitrage triangular and covered interest arbitrage triangular arbitrage process factors automatic trading platform accredited investor requirement verification process preventive cost other types of cost of quality ipo underwriters roles fees and commission golden handcuff voluntary bankruptcy voluntary bankruptcy for corporation consequences cooperative game theory branches utility non cooperative game theory solving technologies acceleration claims issue no damages for delay clause resolving constructive acceleration acquiring company evaluation factors step used purpose for acquisition subordinated debt risk level for whom it is useful limit to loan types of interest rates apr ear effective interest rate nominal interest rate auction market auctions futures market over the counter cash market operational risk political risk impact of political risk how to avoid political risk interval measure burn rate defensive interval ratio legal risk types of legal risks how to avoid legal risks lookback option functional currency how to determine cross hedge investment maturity risk premium maturity risk indexed bonds equation components techniques used startegic options financial analysis anchoring bias causes & effects cdo collateralized debt obligation parties to cdo benefits of cdo drawbacks of cdo periodic interest rate periodic interest rate vs apr types of lookback option debt market types of debt market instrument types of risk in debt market who issues debt market instrument? advantages disadvantages of debt market in the money out of the money at the money keiretsu chaebol difference between keiretsu and chaebol liquidity risk types of liquidity risk industrial revenue bonds benefits of irbs how irbs works? income stock difference between income stock and growth stock advantages of income stock characteristics of income stock criticism of income stock features of lookback option how lookback option works? mark to market examples of mtm capitalization rate formula of capitalization rate benefits of cap rate cap rate drawbacks of cap rate real estate indirect quote formula of indirect quota direct vs indirect quote legal capital purpose of legal capital advantages of legal capital minimum legal capital bond indenture what does a bond indenture include? advantages and disadvantages of bond indenture how bond indenture works? payer swaption receiver swaption european swaption