Dinosaur trackway assignment large_photos

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Dinosaur trackway assignment large_photos

This document summarizes plate tectonic theory and evidence that supports it. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1915 and how technology after WWII like echo sounders and deep sea drilling projects in the 1960s-70s found evidence of sea floor spreading. This led Harry Hess to hypothesize in 1962 that new crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and pulled into the mantle at subduction zones, showing that tectonic plates move independently. The document outlines the three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates spread apart, convergent where they collide, and transform where they slide past each other. It provides examples and characteristics of each boundary type.

Ch17_Moisture_studentscresnick

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The document discusses moisture and humidity, including: 1) The different states of water and the latent heat involved in phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas. 2) Factors that determine the amount of water vapor the air can hold, such as temperature. 3) Relative humidity and how it is calculated based on temperature and mixing ratio. 4) Mechanisms that cause air to rise and condense to form clouds, such as orographic lifting and convection.

03 igneous rx_students_revisedcresnick

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Igneous rocks form through the cooling and crystallization of magma. Their texture and composition depend on the cooling rate and minerals present. Texture can be fine-grained if cooled quickly above ground, or coarse-grained if cooled slowly below ground. Composition ranges from mafic to felsic depending on silica content. Bowen's Reaction Series shows the order minerals crystallize from magma and melt with changing temperatures.

Ch8_EQ_studentscresnick

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Earthquakes are caused by the shifting of rock masses within the Earth's crust and mantle. They originate at a focus with an epicenter at the surface above. There are two main types of faults that cause earthquakes - dip-slip faults involving vertical motion and strike-slip faults with horizontal motion. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured using the Richter scale and describes the amount of energy released. Larger earthquakes can cause significant ground shaking and damage from effects like fault ruptures, landslides, liquefaction, tsunamis, and fires.

SW Field Trip 2011cresnick

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This 4-credit field studies course will take place from May 18th to June 4th, 2011 in the Southwest region. Students will study Slaughter Canyon Cave and SP Crater. The estimated total cost of $1172 includes tuition of $372, a firm travel fee of $500, and approximately $300 for food and other expenses. More information can be obtained by contacting Profs. Cheryl Resnick or Tom Haner in the Math/Science/Engineering Dept. at 320B or 694-5365.

Ch1_Introduction_studentscresnick

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This document provides an introduction to Earth science, outlining its key concepts. It discusses the four interconnected spheres that make up Earth's system: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. A key theme is that Earth is dynamic, with small forces producing large geological features over long periods of time, following the principle of uniformitarianism. The scientific process is also summarized, from asking questions and collecting data to developing and testing hypotheses to build theories that best explain observations.

Ch4_Weathering_studentscresnick

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This document discusses different types of weathering processes that break down rocks. It describes mechanical weathering which breaks rocks into smaller pieces with little chemical change, and chemical weathering which alters the chemical and mineralogical composition of rocks through reactions with oxygen, acids, and other agents. The document also examines factors that influence the rate of weathering such as particle size, rock composition, and climate conditions.

Xenolith assignment slidescresnick

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Xenolith activitycresnick

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EASC 116 - Ch. 7 Metamorphic Rxcresnick

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This document discusses metamorphic rocks, which form from the alteration of existing rocks (parent rocks) due to changes in pressure, temperature, and exposure to chemically active fluids. Metamorphism can occur within the earth's crust through processes like deep burial and mountain building, which increase pressure and temperature. This causes minerals in the parent rock to change and recrystallize into new forms suited to the new conditions. The document describes different types of metamorphic conditions and textures, and provides examples of common metamorphic rock transformations.

Easc116 Ch. 6 - Sedimentary Rockscresnick

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This document discusses sedimentary rocks and how they provide clues about past environments. Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments like weathered minerals, chemical precipitates, and organic remains. Key clues used to interpret depositional environments include sediment size and shape, mineral composition, sedimentary structures like ripples and cross-bedding, fossils, color, geometry of rock units, and cyclical sequences indicating sea level changes. Together these clues can be used to map facies and reconstruct prehistoric landscapes through the principles of uniformitarianism and lateral continuity.

Ch. 11 - Glacierscresnick

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Glaciers are thick masses of ice that form from accumulated snowfall and flow downhill under their own weight. There are four main types of glaciers: valley glaciers, piedmont glaciers, ice caps, and ice sheets. Glaciers erode and transport sediment, forming characteristic landforms such as cirques, horns, and moraines through processes like plucking, abrasion, and scouring. As glaciers advance and retreat in response to climate changes, they leave behind deposits of till and stratified drift that create landforms like kettle lakes, outwash plains, and loess deposits. Evidence such as glacial erosion features, pluvial lakes, changing sea levels, and crustal re

Sill vs lava flow slidescresnick

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A sill forms when basalt magma is injected between existing rock layers, spreading laterally. A buried lava flow forms when basalt erupts onto the surface as a lava flow that is later covered by overlying sedimentary deposits. The presence of igneous layering or contacts cutting across sedimentary layers indicates a sill, while uniform basalt lacking contacts with surrounding rock indicates a buried lava flow.

EASC 116 Ch. 3 Igneous Rxcresnick

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Igneous rocks form from the cooling and crystallization of magma. Their texture depends on the magma's cooling rate, with slower cooling forming larger crystals and faster cooling forming smaller crystals. Composition varies based on the minerals present, with mafic rocks containing more iron and magnesium and felsic rocks containing more silica. Bowen's Reaction Series showed that the order minerals crystallize from magma is controlled by their melting temperatures.

EASC 116 Ch. 2 Mineralscresnick

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Minerals are the basic building blocks of rocks. There are over 4,000 identified minerals that meet the five criteria of being solid, naturally occurring, inorganic, having a definite chemical composition, and an ordered crystalline structure. The two main mineral groups are silicates, which make up 90% of minerals, and nonsilicates. Silicate minerals have unique silica tetrahedron structures that determine their cleavage patterns. Common rock types form from the crystallization of magma, weathering at the surface, or mountain building processes. Economic mineral deposits, or ores, must have sufficient concentration above average crustal levels and economic factors like demand to be profitably mined.

Xenolith activitycresnick

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04_weathering_students_revisedcresnick

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This chapter discusses the two main types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical weathering breaks rock down into smaller pieces with little chemical change, through processes like frost wedging, unloading, and abrasion. Chemical weathering alters the crystalline structure and composition of minerals, forming new minerals or causing dissolution. Key agents of chemical weathering include oxygen and acid. Factors like particle size, rock composition, and climate influence weathering rates.

04_weathering_students_revisedcresnick

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This document discusses the two main types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical weathering breaks rock into smaller pieces with little chemical change, such as through frost wedging or abrasion by water or glaciers. Chemical weathering alters the composition of minerals through reactions with oxygen and acid, forming new minerals or dissolving old ones. Factors like climate, rock composition, and particle size influence the rate of weathering.

02_minerals_students_revisedcresnick

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Minerals are the basic building blocks of rocks, with over 4,000 identified. They are defined as solid, naturally occurring, inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and ordered crystalline structure. The main mineral groups are silicates, which make up 90% of minerals, and nonsilicates such as native elements, rock-forming minerals, and metal ores. Rocks consist of mixtures of minerals or impure quantities of a single mineral.

01_introduction_students_revisedcresnick

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This document provides an introduction to Earth science. It discusses the four main parts of Earth's system: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. These parts are interrelated - for example, clear cutting forests can impact the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. The document also introduces some key concepts in Earth science, such as uniformitarianism, the scientific process, and the idea that science aims to understand and explain natural events by collecting data and discovering patterns.

Easc116 introductioncresnick

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Geology is the study of the solid Earth. Nicolaus Steno originated three basic principles of geology in 1669 - superposition, original horizontality, and lateral continuity. These principles established the foundation for determining the relative age of rock layers based on their position. In 1787, James Hutton introduced the principle of uniformitarianism, which states that the geological processes we observe today are the same as those that occurred in the past. Plate tectonics theory emerged in the 1960s and provides the modern framework for understanding Earth's geologic processes and events over its 4.6 billion year history.

Easc116 riverscresnick

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1) Streams undergo different stages of development as they erode their valleys and move towards base level. Early stages involve downcutting and creating V-shaped valleys while middle stages form floodplains and meanders through lateral erosion. Late stages rework floodplain sediments. 2) Stream characteristics like discharge, gradient, and channel shape determine a stream's velocity and ability to erode, transport, and deposit sediment. Meandering streams typically form point bars and floodplains while braided streams occur in areas with high sediment loads. 3) Drainage basins and divides define the areas where water flows into different streams and rivers. Stream piracy can occur when the headward erosion of one stream cuts

Dinosaur trackway assignmentcresnick

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Ch18_Winds_studentcresnick

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This document discusses air pressure and winds. It explains that air pressure is caused by the weight of the atmosphere above a given place. Low pressure systems are below 1013.2 mb and high pressure systems are above. Wind is the horizontal movement of air caused by pressure gradient force from high to low pressure areas. The coriolis effect causes winds to deflect right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere. Friction also affects wind speed near the Earth's surface. Global circulation patterns involve convection between the equator and poles.

Ch16_Atmosphere_studentscresnick

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This document discusses the atmosphere and factors that influence weather and climate. It covers topics like meteorology, the greenhouse effect, how solar radiation heats the atmosphere, controls of temperature including latitude, elevation, proximity to water, and ocean currents. Seasonal changes are caused by variations in the Earth's axial tilt and elliptical orbit around the sun. Temperature is also influenced by factors like the amount of water vapor, whether a region is arid or humid, and its geographic position relative to prevailing wind patterns.

Ch11_Geologic_Time_studentscresnick

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1) Geologic time seeks to determine the age of Earth and its history. Radiometric dating assigns numerical ages by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes, with each isotope having a unique half-life. 2) The oldest rocks on Earth are approximately 3.2 billion years old, yet we know Earth is older because the planet must have existed before the first rocks formed. 3) Relative dating methods like the principle of superposition allow rocks to be sequenced in chronological order without specific numerical ages, aiding in reconstruction of geologic history.

Ch9_Igneous_Activity_studentscresnick

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1) Volcanic activity provides clues about Earth's interior processes and conditions. It creates important landforms and allows prediction of eruptions. 2) The viscosity of magma depends on its temperature, composition, and gas content, influencing the type of lava and eruption. Mafic lavas typically have lower viscosity than felsic lavas. 3) The four main types of volcanoes are shield, composite cone, cinder cone, and volcanoes associated with other features like calderas, lava plateaus, and intrusive structures like dikes, sills, laccoliths, and batholiths. Each erupts differently depending on lava viscosity.

Ch3_MetamorphicRx_studentscresnick

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This document summarizes metamorphic rocks and the metamorphic process. Metamorphism occurs when rocks undergo changes in temperature, pressure, or exposure to chemically active fluids. This causes minerals in the original rock to change or recrystallize into more stable forms. The degree and type of metamorphism depends on factors like the intensity of heat and pressure, and produces different metamorphic rock textures and classifications like slate, schist, and gneiss. Metamorphism can occur on a regional scale associated with mountain building, or through contact metamorphism near magma intrusions.

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Dinosaur trackway assignment large_photos

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