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Basic Electronics

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Dhananjay Birmole

This document provides an overview of electronics topics including: - The basic components of atoms including protons and electrons and how electricity flows between atoms. - How electric current, voltage, and resistance are defined and their relationships as defined by Ohm's Law. - The differences between conductors, insulators, and semiconductors and how semiconductors can be doped to alter their properties. - An introduction to photonics which combines photons and electronics to transmit signals optically rather than electrically, allowing for higher data transmission rates. Silicon is commonly used due to phenomena like total internal reflection that allow light signals to be guided with minimal loss.

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Electronics Lvl:1 Dhananjay Birmole BTech Mechatronics
Chemistry of Electricity Atoms: An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter.(Matters) Protons: A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol p with a positive electric charge. (Charge) Electrons: A electron is a subatomic particle, symbol p with a negative electric charge. (Charge) Electricity: The flow of electrons from one atom to another atom on excitation.(Flow)
Current, Voltage and Resistance Current : The flow of electrons jumping between atoms from a negatively charged to a positively charged point is called electric current (I). (Flow direction) Voltage : Electric potential difference between two points (V). Resistance : The opposition to the flow current. (Dependencies) Ohms Law : The relation between voltage, current and resistance.(Law)
Conductors, Insulators & Semiconductor Conductors: Materials which allows flow of electricity easily.(Free electrons, example) Insulators: Materials which dont allow the flow electricity.(Valance electron shell) Semiconductors: Materials which conduct electricity after applying heat. There are two types of semiconductors pure and impure semiconductors.(Intrinsic and extrinsic)
Doping: P-Type & N-Type Semiconductor Doping: The conductivity of semiconductors may easily be modified by introducing impurities into their crystal lattice. The process of adding controlled impurities to a semiconductor is known as doping. P-type Doping: P-type semiconductors are created by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with an electron acceptor element during manufacture. The term p- type refers to the positive charge of a hole. N-type Doping: N-type semiconductors are created by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with an electron donor element during manufacture. The term n- type comes from the negative charge of the electron. Majority Charge Carrier's are electrons. Elements: +5 valence Phosphorus or Arsenic Majority Charge Carrier's are holes. Elements: +3 valence Boron or Gallium
What is Photonics Phonics is the combination of photons and electronics to transfer a signal over a channel of photons. Silicon photonics is an evolving technology in which data is transferred among computer chips by optical rays. Optical rays can carry far more data in less time than electrical conductors. Light can be transmitted through any transparent medium. Glass fiber or plastic optical fiber can be used to guide the light along a desired path.
Why Use Silicon ? Phenomenon Of Total Internal Reflection. Total internal reflection takes place at the boundary between two transparent media when a ray of light in a medium of higher index of refraction approaches the other medium at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.(Loss of signal) Silicon covered with Silicon dioxide traps light perfectly. Presence of silicon in electronics. When i<c When i=c When i>c
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Basic Electronics

  • 2. Chemistry of Electricity Atoms: An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter.(Matters) Protons: A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol p with a positive electric charge. (Charge) Electrons: A electron is a subatomic particle, symbol p with a negative electric charge. (Charge) Electricity: The flow of electrons from one atom to another atom on excitation.(Flow)
  • 3. Current, Voltage and Resistance Current : The flow of electrons jumping between atoms from a negatively charged to a positively charged point is called electric current (I). (Flow direction) Voltage : Electric potential difference between two points (V). Resistance : The opposition to the flow current. (Dependencies) Ohms Law : The relation between voltage, current and resistance.(Law)
  • 4. Conductors, Insulators & Semiconductor Conductors: Materials which allows flow of electricity easily.(Free electrons, example) Insulators: Materials which dont allow the flow electricity.(Valance electron shell) Semiconductors: Materials which conduct electricity after applying heat. There are two types of semiconductors pure and impure semiconductors.(Intrinsic and extrinsic)
  • 5. Doping: P-Type & N-Type Semiconductor Doping: The conductivity of semiconductors may easily be modified by introducing impurities into their crystal lattice. The process of adding controlled impurities to a semiconductor is known as doping. P-type Doping: P-type semiconductors are created by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with an electron acceptor element during manufacture. The term p- type refers to the positive charge of a hole. N-type Doping: N-type semiconductors are created by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with an electron donor element during manufacture. The term n- type comes from the negative charge of the electron. Majority Charge Carrier's are electrons. Elements: +5 valence Phosphorus or Arsenic Majority Charge Carrier's are holes. Elements: +3 valence Boron or Gallium
  • 6. What is Photonics Phonics is the combination of photons and electronics to transfer a signal over a channel of photons. Silicon photonics is an evolving technology in which data is transferred among computer chips by optical rays. Optical rays can carry far more data in less time than electrical conductors. Light can be transmitted through any transparent medium. Glass fiber or plastic optical fiber can be used to guide the light along a desired path.
  • 7. Why Use Silicon ? Phenomenon Of Total Internal Reflection. Total internal reflection takes place at the boundary between two transparent media when a ray of light in a medium of higher index of refraction approaches the other medium at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.(Loss of signal) Silicon covered with Silicon dioxide traps light perfectly. Presence of silicon in electronics. When i<c When i=c When i>c