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Intradution Microscope

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Dr moh'ud Abdallah
Dr moh'ud Abdallah

The document describes the parts and functions of a microscope and proper microscope use. It then discusses instruments used to purify water, including sediment filters, activated charcoal filters, ion exchange filters, reverse osmosis filters, and distillation. Water purification systems remove contaminants from water to produce water for injection that meets stringent purity standards for use in bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing.

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UNIVERSITY OF BOSASO Bosaso, Puntland State of Somalia
UNIVERSITY OF BOSASO Faculty: Clinical Officer Subject: Clinical Laboratory Assignment: Microscope & instrument for purifying water Semester: Two
Prepared by GROUP 5 Mohamud Abdullahi Mohamed Mohamud Mohamed Hassan Shariif Hassan Abdi Yusuf Aymoy Abdulle Abdullahi Omar Sadaam
Microscope Parts and Functions
Microscope An optical instrument that uses a lens or a combination of lenses to produce magnified images of small objects, especially of objects too small to be seen by the unaided eye.
Microscope Parts and Functions Arm- Supports the tube and connects it to the base Base- The bottom of the microscope, used for support Eyepiece- Where you look to see the image of your specimen.
Arm Eyepiece Base
Microscope Parts and Functions Body tube- Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses. Revolving Nosepiece- This is the part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power. Stage- The flat platform where you place your slides.
Body tube Stage Revolving Nosepiece
Microscope Parts and Functions Fine Adjustment Knob-small, round knob on the side of the microscope used to fine-tune the focus of your specimen Coarse Adjustment Knob--large, round knob on the side of the microscope used for focusing the specimen. Stage Clips-hold the slide in place
Coarse Adjustment Knob Fine Adjustment Knob Stage Clips
Microscope Parts and Functions Iris Diaphragm- controls the light going thorough the aperture. Mirror/Light source-used to reflect light to the specimen/source of light. Objective lenses-may have (scanner, Low, high Oil immersion objectives) and is used use to increase the magnification of the specimen.
Iris Diaphragm Objective Lenses Light Source
Microscope Parts and Functions Aperture is the hole in the stage through which the base (transmitted) light reaches the stage. Condenser is used to collect and focus the light from the illuminator on to the specimen. It is located under the stage often in conjunction with an iris diaphragm.
Intradution Microscope
Proper Way of Focusing the Microscope Always observe the specimen or object using the LOWEST POWER object first. Focus using the COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB to bring the object into focus. Bring the object into sharp focus by using the fine adjustment knob.
Proper Way of Focusing the Microscope Focus, and then move to a higher power objective, if needed. Use only the FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB when using the HIGHEST (longest) POWER OBJECTIVE.
Proper Way of Focusing the Microscope Keep both eyes open to reduce eyestrain. Keep eye slightly above the eyepiece to reduce eyelash interference. To find out the total magnification of the object, multiply the power of the eyepiece lens (10X) by the power of the objective.
Handling the Microscope Always use two hands to move the microscope. Place one hand around the arm, lift the scope, and then put your other hand under the base of the scope for support. Be gentle.
Storing the Microscope Dust is an enemy to microscope lenses; always keep the microscope covered when not in use.
Instrument for purifying water
WATER PURIFICATION We all need clean water, water that is free of potentially dangerous contaminants. For our homes we need basic clean and sanitary water. Water that can be used for cooking, cleaning and bathing. Water that meets or exceeds the purity standards of our local governments. For bio-pharmaceutical uses, the water used must meet a much higher standard.
WATER PURIFICATION Bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing uses Water For Injection (WFI). WFI is considered to be 100% water. This water is free of sediment, minerals, and organic contamination. WFI is typically contained in stainless steel systems, heated to temperatures just below boiling, and pumped through systems to the point of use that will not allow dead zones where the water does not circulate.
WATER PURIFICATION WFI is used to clean water resistant manufactured medical equipment such as syringes. Under high pressure it is sprayed on this equipment, used to soak it, and injected into the internal parts of the equipment.
WATER PURIFICATION In our homes we might have a sediment filter to remove fairly large particles suspended in the water. Our cars have a sediment filters for oil. Sediment filters for water typically use a cloth or paper filter cartridge. As the water flows through large sediment particles are removed from the water. Sediment removal is frequently the first step in making WFI. Photograph from Wiki Media Commons
WATER PURIFICATION If the water coming into our homes was to be used to make WFI and has some unwanted biologic residue, chlorine, or a foul odor then a second filter is added. The second filter will be activated charcoal. Activated charcoal will not remove sodium fluoride or nitrates. Photograph from Wiki Media Commons
WATER PURIFICATION Typically the two canisters for the filters are connected in simple series. Filter canisters used in our homes are small; a few inches in diameter and less than a foot long. Those used in WFI production for bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing are much larger. Photograph from Wiki Media Commons
WATER PURIFICATION Some locations have water very high in mineral content. These locations will add an ion exchange filter to their series of filters. Photograph from Wiki Media Commons These beads are made of plastic resin and can be charged to attract specific ions.
WATER PURIFICATION A water softener is an ion exchange filter to remove scale producing calcium and magnesium from water. Water softeners use special resin( small plastic beads) that attract calcium and magnesium ions. Water softeners cycle periodically to recharge; they flush the residue with salt water to remove (rinse away) unwanted ions. This rinse water is discarded.
WATER PURIFICATION Another device that is added to water purification systems in some homes and in biopharmaceutical manufacturing plants is a reverse osmosis filter. This device forces water to move against the normal direction of osmosis through a semi- permeable membrane. The reverse osmosis requires high pressure to move water through the filter.
WATER PURIFICATION Reverse osmosis removes bacteria, spores and viruses from water. Water after being run through the reverse osmosis membrane is very, very clean. The water before the membrane will have a built up of unwanted particles and must be cycled (flushed out) periodically.
WATER PURIFICATION
WATER PURIFICATION In the production of water for injection for bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing has an additional stage, distillation. Distillation heats water to its boiling point, creates vapor which passes through a cooling system, and re-condenses back to liquid water. Water after the distillation process is 100% water.
WATER PURIFICATION Water for injection is kept at high temperatures and is used for a very complete cleaning of medical products. Any small amount of remaining manufacturing residue and biological contaminants are completely cleaned from the product. The product is now ready for clean-room packaging and sealing. Medical products, such as syringes, are sterilized by gamma radiation after packaging.

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Intradution Microscope

  • 2. UNIVERSITY OF BOSASO Faculty: Clinical Officer Subject: Clinical Laboratory Assignment: Microscope & instrument for purifying water Semester: Two
  • 3. Prepared by GROUP 5 Mohamud Abdullahi Mohamed Mohamud Mohamed Hassan Shariif Hassan Abdi Yusuf Aymoy Abdulle Abdullahi Omar Sadaam
  • 5. Microscope An optical instrument that uses a lens or a combination of lenses to produce magnified images of small objects, especially of objects too small to be seen by the unaided eye.
  • 6. Microscope Parts and Functions Arm- Supports the tube and connects it to the base Base- The bottom of the microscope, used for support Eyepiece- Where you look to see the image of your specimen.
  • 8. Microscope Parts and Functions Body tube- Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses. Revolving Nosepiece- This is the part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power. Stage- The flat platform where you place your slides.
  • 10. Microscope Parts and Functions Fine Adjustment Knob-small, round knob on the side of the microscope used to fine-tune the focus of your specimen Coarse Adjustment Knob--large, round knob on the side of the microscope used for focusing the specimen. Stage Clips-hold the slide in place
  • 12. Microscope Parts and Functions Iris Diaphragm- controls the light going thorough the aperture. Mirror/Light source-used to reflect light to the specimen/source of light. Objective lenses-may have (scanner, Low, high Oil immersion objectives) and is used use to increase the magnification of the specimen.
  • 14. Microscope Parts and Functions Aperture is the hole in the stage through which the base (transmitted) light reaches the stage. Condenser is used to collect and focus the light from the illuminator on to the specimen. It is located under the stage often in conjunction with an iris diaphragm.
  • 16. Proper Way of Focusing the Microscope Always observe the specimen or object using the LOWEST POWER object first. Focus using the COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB to bring the object into focus. Bring the object into sharp focus by using the fine adjustment knob.
  • 17. Proper Way of Focusing the Microscope Focus, and then move to a higher power objective, if needed. Use only the FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB when using the HIGHEST (longest) POWER OBJECTIVE.
  • 18. Proper Way of Focusing the Microscope Keep both eyes open to reduce eyestrain. Keep eye slightly above the eyepiece to reduce eyelash interference. To find out the total magnification of the object, multiply the power of the eyepiece lens (10X) by the power of the objective.
  • 19. Handling the Microscope Always use two hands to move the microscope. Place one hand around the arm, lift the scope, and then put your other hand under the base of the scope for support. Be gentle.
  • 20. Storing the Microscope Dust is an enemy to microscope lenses; always keep the microscope covered when not in use.
  • 22. WATER PURIFICATION We all need clean water, water that is free of potentially dangerous contaminants. For our homes we need basic clean and sanitary water. Water that can be used for cooking, cleaning and bathing. Water that meets or exceeds the purity standards of our local governments. For bio-pharmaceutical uses, the water used must meet a much higher standard.
  • 23. WATER PURIFICATION Bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing uses Water For Injection (WFI). WFI is considered to be 100% water. This water is free of sediment, minerals, and organic contamination. WFI is typically contained in stainless steel systems, heated to temperatures just below boiling, and pumped through systems to the point of use that will not allow dead zones where the water does not circulate.
  • 24. WATER PURIFICATION WFI is used to clean water resistant manufactured medical equipment such as syringes. Under high pressure it is sprayed on this equipment, used to soak it, and injected into the internal parts of the equipment.
  • 25. WATER PURIFICATION In our homes we might have a sediment filter to remove fairly large particles suspended in the water. Our cars have a sediment filters for oil. Sediment filters for water typically use a cloth or paper filter cartridge. As the water flows through large sediment particles are removed from the water. Sediment removal is frequently the first step in making WFI. Photograph from Wiki Media Commons
  • 26. WATER PURIFICATION If the water coming into our homes was to be used to make WFI and has some unwanted biologic residue, chlorine, or a foul odor then a second filter is added. The second filter will be activated charcoal. Activated charcoal will not remove sodium fluoride or nitrates. Photograph from Wiki Media Commons
  • 27. WATER PURIFICATION Typically the two canisters for the filters are connected in simple series. Filter canisters used in our homes are small; a few inches in diameter and less than a foot long. Those used in WFI production for bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing are much larger. Photograph from Wiki Media Commons
  • 28. WATER PURIFICATION Some locations have water very high in mineral content. These locations will add an ion exchange filter to their series of filters. Photograph from Wiki Media Commons These beads are made of plastic resin and can be charged to attract specific ions.
  • 29. WATER PURIFICATION A water softener is an ion exchange filter to remove scale producing calcium and magnesium from water. Water softeners use special resin( small plastic beads) that attract calcium and magnesium ions. Water softeners cycle periodically to recharge; they flush the residue with salt water to remove (rinse away) unwanted ions. This rinse water is discarded.
  • 30. WATER PURIFICATION Another device that is added to water purification systems in some homes and in biopharmaceutical manufacturing plants is a reverse osmosis filter. This device forces water to move against the normal direction of osmosis through a semi- permeable membrane. The reverse osmosis requires high pressure to move water through the filter.
  • 31. WATER PURIFICATION Reverse osmosis removes bacteria, spores and viruses from water. Water after being run through the reverse osmosis membrane is very, very clean. The water before the membrane will have a built up of unwanted particles and must be cycled (flushed out) periodically.
  • 33. WATER PURIFICATION In the production of water for injection for bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing has an additional stage, distillation. Distillation heats water to its boiling point, creates vapor which passes through a cooling system, and re-condenses back to liquid water. Water after the distillation process is 100% water.
  • 34. WATER PURIFICATION Water for injection is kept at high temperatures and is used for a very complete cleaning of medical products. Any small amount of remaining manufacturing residue and biological contaminants are completely cleaned from the product. The product is now ready for clean-room packaging and sealing. Medical products, such as syringes, are sterilized by gamma radiation after packaging.