Micromolecules and Macromolecules
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This document defines and describes biomolecules, which are molecules found in living organisms. Biomolecules are divided into macromolecules and micromolecules. Macromolecules have a molecular weight over 1000 and include polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins. Micromolecules have a molecular weight under 1000 and include amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, and lipids. The document then provides examples and further descriptions of these classes of biomolecules, including their structures, functions, and examples.
Micromolecules and Macromolecules
- 2. A biomolecule is any molecule that is present in living organisms, they are divided into macro molecules and micro molecules as follows:- MACROMOLECULES M > 1000 EXAMPLES 1. Polysaccharides 2. Nucleic acids 3. Proteins MICROMOLECULES M < 1000 EXAMPLES 1. Amino acids 2. Sugars 3. Nucleotides 4. Lipids
- 3. MACROMOLECULES There are two kinds of Polysaccharides: 1. HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES CELLULOSE , STARCH 2. HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES CHITIN POLYSACCHARIDES
- 4. NUCLEIC ACID Function- transmits and stores genetic information Composed of C, H, O, N & P (Phosphorous) Two types 1. DNA 2. RNA
- 5. NUCLEIC ACIDS Deoxyribonucleic acid Contains the sugar deoxyribose Double stranded Ribonucleic acid Contains the sugar ribose Single stranded
- 6. PROTIENS Polymers of amino acids Organic compound made up of : Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen and Nitrogen Proteins are essential to living things: Proteins are needed to build & maintain cells, digest food, growth, insulin, antibodies for immunity, transmit heredity, movement. Examples of Proteins: Haemoglobin carries O2 Actin muscle contraction Saliva (Enzyme) breakdown Carbohydrates. Lactase (Enzyme) digest lactose sugar Four Levels of Protein Structure 1. The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids 2. Secondary structure, found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain 3. Tertiary structure is determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups) 4. Quaternary structure results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains Animation
- 8. MICRO MOLECULES There are 20 different amino acids that are incorporated into proteins. All amino acids have an Amino Group (NH2), a Carboxyl group (COOH), and an R-Group (unique side chain that distinguishes that amino acid). Amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups The sequence of amino acids determines a proteins three-dimensional structure. A proteins structure determines its function. AMINO ACIDS
- 10. SUGARS Monosaccharides : simplest sugars, which cannot be hydrolysed further into smaller sugars Composed of 3-7 C atoms 1. Triose (3C) (Glyceraldehyde) 2. Tetrose (4C) (Erythrose) 3. Pentose (5C) (Ribose) 4. Hexose (6C) (Glucose) 5. Heptose (7C) (Sedoheptulose) Oligosaccharides : when 2/ few monosaccharides are combined by glycosidic bonds.They are named as: 1. Disaccharides (2) : Sucrose 2. Trisaccharides (3) : Arabinose 3. Tetrasaccharides (4) :Stachyose 4. Pentasaccharides (5) : Verbascose
- 12. NUCLEOTIDES Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. The building blocks of nucleic acids, nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group. Nitrogenous base attached to pentose sugar adenosine, guanosine , thymidine, cytidine & uridine.
- 14. LIPIDS Fats, oils, waxes, steroids (examples) Are made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Are not soluble in water (they are nonpolar) Hydrogen : oxygen ratio is greater than 2:1 Functions of Lipids 1. Used to store energy 2. Important part of biological membranes There are two type: 1. Saturated Lipids : Solid fats, animals 2. Unsaturated Lipids: Oils, plants Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings . Cholesterol, an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes . Although cholesterol is essential in animals, high levels in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease.