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Whi u3 changing physical activity behaviour
- 1. + Unit 3: Physical activity participation and physiological performance
- 2. + Area of Study 1 Monitoring and Promotion of Physical Activity Changing Physical Activity Behaviour
- 3. + Physical Activity Behaviour Change Mediators intervening variable that is necessary to complete a cause and effect link between an intervention strategy and physical activity. Determinants casual factors (i.e. personal, environmental or characteristics of exercise) that can affect physical activity behaviour. Self-efficacy - deals with the strength of belief an individual has in his or her capacity to successfully perform an activity. It forms the basis of motivation, well being and personal achievement. Unless people believe that their actions will produce desired outcomes, there is little motivation to become involved and persevere with activities.
- 4. + Physical Activity Promotion Effective physical activity interventions target changes at the following levels:- individual social physical environment policy Strategies to Promote Physical Activity Individual Level Population Level Print and web based Environmental change material Counselling Policy Process of change Mass media
- 5. + Physical Activity Behavioural Change Cognitive Strategies Behavioural Strategies Increasing knowledge Substituting alternatives Awareness of risks Enlisting social support Concern about impact to others Rewarding yourself Understanding benefits Committing yourself Awareness of opportunities to Reminding yourself be active
- 6. + Print and Web-based Media
- 7. + Counseling Counseling strategies:- assessing motivational readiness matching process of change with motivational readiness contracting enlisting social support reminder systems gradual programming tailoring
- 8. + Socio-ecological Model The socio-ecological model recognises the interwoven relationship that exists between the individual and their environment. While individuals are responsible for instituting and maintaining the lifestyle changes necessary to improve health, individual behaviour is determined to a large extent by social environment, e.g. community norms and values, regulations and policies. In order to increase physical activity levels health promotion efforts need to focus not only on the behaviour choices of each individual, but also on factors that influence those choices. These factors operate our of several spheres of influence including:- the individual social environment physical environment policy components
- 9. + Socio - ecological Model Recognizing that groups Developing and enforcing state and provide social identity and local policies that can increase support, interpersonal beneficial health behaviors. interventions target groups, Developing media campaigns that such as family members or promote public awareness of the peers. health need and advocacy for change. Social Individual Policy Motivating change in individual behavior by increasing knowledge, or influencing attitudes or challenging beliefs. Environmenta Changing the physical environment or the l environment of an organization (e.g. workplace, school, or another type of community organization) to support behavior change.
- 10. + Socio-ecological Model Changing Physical Behaviours Barriers to healthy behaviors are shared among the community as a whole. As these barriers are lowered or removed, behavior change becomes more achievable and sustainable. It becomes easier to "push the ball up the hill. "The most effective approach leading to healthy behaviors is a combination of the efforts at all levels-- individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy. Individuals Eat reasonable food and beverage portion sizes at home and when eating out. Eat 5 to 9 fruits and vegetables each day, or more Walk or bicycle more often Be a better driver
- 11. + Parents Serve as good role models by practicing healthy eating habits and by being physical active every day. Make sure tasty, attractive fruits and vegetables are available for meals and snacks at home and when eating out. Set limits on television viewing. Limit access to sugar-sweetened drinks. Work with your childrens schools to develop policies regarding: vending machines, use of foods as rewards in classrooms, adequate lunch and recess time, daily PE, safe walking and bicycling routes to school. Organize Walk to School Day events in your childrens schools.
- 12. + Employers Offer walk/bike/transit incentives like bicycle parking and transit passes. Provide exercise and changing facilities at work. Post signs near elevators encouraging people to take the stairs. Make the stairway a safe and inviting place. Support community-wide events that promote physical activity. Set standards for foods served at cafeterias, in vending machines, and at meetings. Use price incentives in the cafeteria and in vending machines to increase consumption of healthy foods.
- 13. + Community Member Participate in neighborhood, community, and transportation planning groups. Support funding for sidewalks, bicycle paths, parks, recreation centers, and swimming pools. Declare and organize an annual National No-TV Week. Join or start a walking or bicycling group in your neighborhood. Support policies to promote healthy eating such as disclosing the calorie content of restaurant food and requiring calorie labeling on menus and menu boards at chain restaurants. Join advocacy groups promoting community design supportive of safe and accessible walking and bicycling. Let your community leaders and elected officials know that you support healthy, active communities.
- 14. + Architects, Community and Transportation Planners Design buildings where stairs are visible, accessible and safe. Adjacent to buildings, provide sidewalks, convenient bicycle parking and safe connectivity to public transit. Consider public transit, sidewalks, bicycle lanes, and bicycle paths for walking and bicycling to be as essential as streets and roads for vehicles. Design frequent and safe street crossings. Design neighborhoods and communities where children and adults can easily and safely travel between home, work, school, retail establishments, parks and recreation facilities on foot and bicycle.
- 15. + Community Leaders and Policy Makers Consider health consequences along with financial impact when developing school policies such as offering daily PE, promoting walking and bicycling to school, or district support for school meal programs. Prioritize funding for increasing and improving pedestrian and bicycle facilities in communities. Consider public health impacts in land-use planning decisions such as siting of schools, development of mixed-use neighborhoods. Consider zoning regulations. Assure access to full-service grocery stores in all neighborhoods and limit density of fast food restaurants. Prioritize funding for effective public health interventions to increase physical activity, promote healthy eating, and reduce obesity and chronic diseases.
- 16. + Top 10 Causes of Death Worldwide Based on data from World Health Organisation Fact Sheet No 310: 2008 World Deaths in Millions % of Deaths Coronary heart disease 7.2 12.2 Stroke and other 5.71 9.7 cerebrovascular diseases Lower respiratory infections 4.18 7.1 Chronic obstructive 3.02 5.1 pulmonary disease Diarrhoeal diseases 2.16 3.7 HIV/AIDS 2.04 3.5 Tuberculosis 1.46 2.5 Trachea, bronchus, lung 1.32 2.3 cancers Road traffic accidents 1.27 2.2 Prematurity and low birth 1.18 2.0 weight
- 17. + WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. 2009
- 18. + Lifestyle Diseases
- 19. + Physical Activity Measurement Physical activity measurement has several important uses, in informing the overall health promotion effort and is used in: research, to understand the relationship between physical activity and a range of physical health and mental health outcomes. the monitoring and surveillance of physical activity levels in and among populations. understanding the correlates and determinants of physical activity, and to explain why some people or groups are more active than others. measuring the impact and effectiveness of health promotion programmes and interventions designed to increase physical activity. providing a sound and strong evidence base for broader initiatives in health promotion policy and practice.
- 20. + Measurable Components of Physical Activity Physical activity is a set of complex physical behaviours, with possible measurements made of its duration, frequency, intensity or setting. How often activity is undertaken: measures of frequency Duration of physical activity per session: expressed as total time per day Intensity of activity: activities may be classified as light, moderate or vigorous based on their assigned energy expenditure values (MET values or Multiples of Basal Resting Energy) Type: specific physical activity or sport performed Domains or settings where the physical activity is performed: leisure time (organised non organised), occupational, domestic, active commuting, incidental and sedentary.
- 21. + Metabolic Equivalent (METS) Intensity METS Energy % Max HR Examples of Classification Expended Activities (kJ/min Low Intensity <3 <15 <50 Walking slowly, golf, gardening, household chores, sitting Moderate 3-6 15-30 50-70 Surfing, Intensity performing massage, social badminton Vigorous 7+ 30+ 70+ Australian rules intensity football, shovelling ditches, squash
- 22. + National Activity Guidelines 0 5 Years 0 1 floor based play should be encouraged 1 3 should be physically active for at least three hours each day 2 5 sitting using electronic media should be limited to less than one hour per day
- 23. + National Activity Guidelines 5 12 Years At least 60 minutes (and up to several hours) of moderate to vigorous intensity activity should be completed every day no more than 2 hours per day should be spent using electronic media for entertainment
- 24. + National Activity Guidelines 12 18 Years At least 60 minutes (and up to several hours) of moderate to vigorous intensity activity should be completed every day no more than 2 hours per day should be spent using electronic media for entertainment
- 25. + National Activity Guidelines Adults 18 - 65 Think of movement as an opportunity, not an inconvenience Be active in as many ways as possible Put together at least 30 mins of moderate intensity activity on most, preferably all, days If possible enjoy some regular vigorous activity
- 26. + National Activity Guidelines Older Adults 65+ Continue to be active no matter what your age Be active every day in as many ways as possible Accumulate at least 30 mins of moderate intensity activity on most, preferably all, days If commencing exercise for the first time begin gradually If maintained activity levels continue to exercise at a safe level which you are capable of maintaining
- 27. + Measuring Physical Activity Accurate assessment of physical activity is influenced by behavioural reactivity in which the use of measurement tools can change physical activity behaviours. Objective methods of data collection do not need the participant to process information and exists independently of what the participant thinks. Objective measures include:- - Direct observation - Pedometers - Accelerometers - Heart rate monitors Subjective measures of data collection require some level of cognitive or perceptual processing by the participant to create the data. These measures require participants to think about, and record, information about their physical activity levels. Subjective measure include:- Self Report include assessment methods such as interviews, diaries, logs and questionnaires and rely on people to estimate or recall their own activity level
- 28. + Accelerometers are electronic motion sensors that detect movement in a vertical plane as a combined function of the frequency and intensity of the movement. Movement counts are averaged over defined time frames, which are stored in memory and subsequently downloaded to a computer. Accelerometer
- 29. + Involves watching subjects behave in a particular environment such as homes, workplaces, parks or school yards. Direct Observation
- 30. + Heart rate monitors measures heart rate response to exercise which provides an indicator of activity that reflects physiological stress on the body. Heart Rate Monitors
- 31. + Pedometers assess the total number of steps taken and some models can estimate total distance travelled, time of total movement and energy expenditure. The benchmark number of steps for achieving health benefits is 10,000 steps. Pedometers
- 32. + Self Report can be divided into two basic categories:- i. Recall based approaches - obtain actual information on activity on specific days. ii. General measures - focus on typical activity behaviour and often involve a series of questions about general activity patterns. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (CPAQ) International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ) Self Report