This document provides a shallow foundation design report for two retaining walls that will form an approach ramp for a new bridge. It includes calculations for sizing and checking the bearing capacity of strip foundations that are 7m wide and 1.5m deep to support each wall. Settlement of the foundations is calculated and found to exceed tilt requirements, but with simultaneous construction of the walls and placement of backfill, the settling effects will be constrained. A method statement is then provided outlining the site investigation, preparation, excavation and construction steps to build the foundation and walls safely.
There are two main types of concrete foundations used in Arizona: slabs/mono-pour slabs and stem wall slabs. Slabs/mono-pour slabs are poured directly on the ground since Arizona has a shallow or nonexistent frost line. Stem wall slabs have footings and a foundation constructed like a crawlspace, with fill placed inside and compacted before the slab is poured.
This document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It begins with an introduction to foundations, their purpose of transferring structural loads to the ground, and factors like soil conditions and load types. It then covers types of soils and their characteristics for load transfer. Construction of foundations is outlined, including excavation protection and dewatering. The main types of foundations discussed are shallow foundations, which require suitable soil bearing capacity, and deep foundations used when shallow foundations are not suitable. Examples of shallow foundations include isolated footings, wall footings, and raft foundations.
The poem describes a river at different stages of its journey. In its early days, the river is playful as it dances and glances through flowers and foliage. As the river grows, it rushes more swiftly, swelling in size as it brawls and leaps over rocks while sweeping through rose-banks in its youthful impetuousness. The document provides context about the poem through definitions of words, scaffolding questions, and discussion prompts for groups.
Deformability modulus of jointed rocks, limitation of empirical methods, and ...Mahdi_zoorabadi
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Deformability modulus of jointed rocks is a key parameter for stability analysis of underground structures by numerical modelling techniques. Intact rock strength, rock mass blockiness (shape and size of rock blocks), surface condition of discontinuities (shear strength of discontinuities) and confining stress level are the key parameters controlling deformability of jointed rocks. Considering cost and limitation of field measurements to determine deformability modulus, empirical equations which were mostly developed based on rock mass classifications are too common in practice. All well-known empirical formulations dismissed the impact of stress on deformability modulus. Therefore, these equations result in the same value for a rock at different stress fields. This paper discusses this issue in more detail and highlights shortcomings of existing formulations. Finally it presents an extension to analytical techniques to determine the deformability modulus of jointed rocks by a combination of the geometrical properties of discontinuities and elastic modulus of intact rock. In this extension, the effect of confining stress was incorporated in the formulation to improve its reliability
Term Project Paper on Design of Shallow and Deep Foundation for a cement plan...Rakibul Hasan,MEng,EIT
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Designed foundations for given loads and conditions using PLAXIS and L-Pile for the design-analysis.
Used Microsoft Excel for developing formulas and calculated capacity, lateral capacity, settlement, group pile settlement and lateral deflection of footing to yield best economical and sustainable design.
The document discusses foundations for buildings. It states that foundations transfer structural loads from a building safely into the ground, reaching below the frost line into competent soil or rock. Foundation design depends on factors like subsurface soil, loading intensity, and groundwater. Shallow foundations like spread footings are used when soils can support loads near the surface, while deep foundations like piles are needed in weak soils. Foundation selection involves considering soil strength, loads, construction methods, and effects on neighboring properties.
This document discusses rock slope stability analysis and engineering. It describes a rock slope in Hong Kong supported with tensioned rock anchors and shotcrete. The principles of rock slope design concern the orientation and characteristics of discontinuities like joints and faults. Slope stability analysis requires determining the friction angle and cohesion of potential sliding surfaces. Shear strength testing is used to define the cohesion and friction angle parameters in the Coulomb failure criterion for analyzing rock slope stability.
This document provides terminology and descriptions related to underground structures like tunnels. It includes definitions of different tunnel construction elements and methods. Some key points covered include:
- Definitions of tunnel construction terms like adit, shaft, chamber, support, failure modes, and tunnelling methods.
- Descriptions of different tunnelling methods including shield tunnelling, cut-and-cover tunnelling, and tunnelling boring machines (TBMs).
- Factors that influence rock excavation for tunnels like geological structures, rock properties, and resistance to excavation.
- Examples of large irrigation tunnels including details of the Urfa Irrigation Tunnel in Turkey.
This document discusses deep foundation types used in construction. It provides details on pile foundations, well foundations, and caisson foundations. For pile foundations, it describes different pile types including end bearing piles, skin friction piles, anchor piles, compaction piles, driven piles, and auger cast piles. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of different deep foundation methods like drilled pier foundations, augered piles, driven concrete piles, and driven wooden piles.
Pile foundations are commonly used when soil conditions require deep foundations, such as with compressible, waterlogged, or deep soils. There are various types of piles classified by function (e.g. end bearing, friction, tension), material (e.g. concrete, timber, steel), and installation method (e.g. driven, cast-in-place). The load carrying capacity of piles can be determined through dynamic formulas, static formulas, load tests, or penetration tests. Factors like pile length, structure characteristics, material availability, loading types, and costs must be considered for proper pile selection.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in kinematics including:
1) Kinematics deals with concepts of motion without considering forces, while dynamics considers the effects of forces on motion.
2) Displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and equations of motion for constant acceleration are introduced.
3) Applications include analyzing the motion of falling bodies and interpreting position-time and velocity-time graphs.
The document discusses different types of foundations for structures, including shallow and deep foundations. It describes spread footings, mat/raft foundations, piles, piers, and caissons. Spread footings are the most common shallow foundation and involve concrete slabs under columns and load-bearing walls. Mat/raft foundations use a continuous slab to spread loads over a large area, especially for high loads or poor soil. Deep foundations like piles, piers, and caissons extend deeper into the ground to bear loads in stronger soil layers. Piles transfer loads through end bearing or friction, while piers and caissons are constructed by excavating holes and filling with concrete.
This document provides terminology and descriptions related to underground structures like tunnels. It includes definitions of different tunnel construction elements and methods. Some key points covered include:
- Definitions of tunnel construction terms like adit, shaft, chamber, support, failure modes, and tunnelling methods.
- Descriptions of different tunnelling methods including shield tunnelling, cut-and-cover tunnelling, and tunnelling boring machines (TBMs).
- Factors that influence rock excavation for tunnels like geological structures, rock properties, and resistance to excavation.
- Examples of large irrigation tunnels including details of the Urfa Irrigation Tunnel in Turkey.
This document discusses deep foundation types used in construction. It provides details on pile foundations, well foundations, and caisson foundations. For pile foundations, it describes different pile types including end bearing piles, skin friction piles, anchor piles, compaction piles, driven piles, and auger cast piles. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of different deep foundation methods like drilled pier foundations, augered piles, driven concrete piles, and driven wooden piles.
Pile foundations are commonly used when soil conditions require deep foundations, such as with compressible, waterlogged, or deep soils. There are various types of piles classified by function (e.g. end bearing, friction, tension), material (e.g. concrete, timber, steel), and installation method (e.g. driven, cast-in-place). The load carrying capacity of piles can be determined through dynamic formulas, static formulas, load tests, or penetration tests. Factors like pile length, structure characteristics, material availability, loading types, and costs must be considered for proper pile selection.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in kinematics including:
1) Kinematics deals with concepts of motion without considering forces, while dynamics considers the effects of forces on motion.
2) Displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and equations of motion for constant acceleration are introduced.
3) Applications include analyzing the motion of falling bodies and interpreting position-time and velocity-time graphs.
The document discusses different types of foundations for structures, including shallow and deep foundations. It describes spread footings, mat/raft foundations, piles, piers, and caissons. Spread footings are the most common shallow foundation and involve concrete slabs under columns and load-bearing walls. Mat/raft foundations use a continuous slab to spread loads over a large area, especially for high loads or poor soil. Deep foundations like piles, piers, and caissons extend deeper into the ground to bear loads in stronger soil layers. Piles transfer loads through end bearing or friction, while piers and caissons are constructed by excavating holes and filling with concrete.
2. FFOOUUNNDDAATTIIOONNSS -- OOVVEERRVVIIEEWW
Loads and settlements of foundations - Safe foundations
Types of soils that make up the foundation - Properties
Properties of foundations: Strength, Stability, Drainage, etc. -
Estimating soil properties: Exploration and testing
Construction of foundations - Type of soil layers at the top,
excavation, support for soil, soil strengthening, de-watering
Types of foundations - Shallow and deep - Influence zone
Precautions - Seismic base isolation; Underpinning during construction;
Retaining walls; Waterproofing, drainage, reinforcing & insulation; Frost
protection
Foundation design for optimal cost
4. LOAD AND SETTLEMENTS OOFF FFOOUUNNDDAATTIIOONNSS
Types of loads on foundations: Dead, live, wind, inclined thrusts
and uplift, water table and earthquake forces
Types of settlements: Uniform and differential - Differential
settlement must be minimized, depends on site soil conditions and
distribution of loads on columns supporting the building
Requirements of a safe foundation: Structure-foundation system
safe against settlements that would lead to collapse - Foundation
settlement should not damage the structure - Foundation must be
technically and economically feasible
6. SETTLEMENTS OF FOUNDATIONS
NO SETTLEMENT * TOTAL SETTLEMENT * DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building, but differential
settlement can cause severe structural damage
8. TYPES OF SOILS AANNDD CCHHAARRAACCTTEERRIISSTTIICCSS
Rocks and soils - Rocks: Broken into regular and irregular sizes by
joints - Soils (particulate earth material): Boulder (too large to be
lifted by hands), cobble (particle that can be lifted by a single hand),
gravel aggregates (course grained particle larger than 6.4mm) , sand
(frictional, size varies from 6.4 to 0.06mm), silts (frictional, low
surface-area to volume ratio, size varies from 0.06 mm to 0.002mm)
and clays (cohesive - fine grained - high surface-area to volume ratio,
size smaller than 0.002 mm) - Peat (soils not suitable for foundations)
- In USA classified according to Unified Soil Classification System
10. PPRROOPPEERRTTIIEESS OOFF FFOOUUNNDDAATTIIOONN
Strength: Load bearing capacities: Crystalline rocks (very strong -
12,000 psf), sedimentary rocks (intermediate - 6,000 psf) and other
types of soils (relatively lower - 2,000 to 3,000 psf)
Stable under loads (creep, shrinkage and swelling)
Drainage characteristics: Porosity and permeability
Soil property estimation: Subsurface exploration (test pits - less
than 8 ft in depth; borings - greater than 8 ft) - Estimate level of water
table - Testing of soil sample in laboratory for various properties:
Particle size distribution, Liquid limit, Plastic limit, Water content,
Permeability, Shrinkage/ swelling, Shear/compressive strength,
Consolidation (creep and settlement)
15. TTYYPPEESS OOFF FFOOUUNNDDAATTIIOONN
A building consists of superstructure, substructure and the
foundations - Two types foundations : Shallow and Deep -
Depends on whether the load transfer is at deeper depths or
shallower depths - Need for these two types (soil strength, ground
water conditions, foundation loads, construction methods and
impact on adjacent property) -Shallow foundations (column
footings without or with tie/grade beams, individual or combined
wall footing, slab on grade, raft) - Deep foundations (caissons with
or without sockets, end bearing or friction piles, pile groups), zone
of influence, made of concrete (regular or site-cast) or steel or wood