2. FFOOUUNNDDAATTIIOONNSS -- OOVVEERRVVIIEEWW
Loads and settlements of foundations - Safe foundations
Types of soils that make up the foundation - Properties
Properties of foundations: Strength, Stability, Drainage, etc. -
Estimating soil properties: Exploration and testing
Construction of foundations - Type of soil layers at the top,
excavation, support for soil, soil strengthening, de-watering
Types of foundations - Shallow and deep - Influence zone
Precautions - Seismic base isolation; Underpinning during construction;
Retaining walls; Waterproofing, drainage, reinforcing & insulation; Frost
protection
Foundation design for optimal cost
4. LOAD AND SETTLEMENTS OOFF FFOOUUNNDDAATTIIOONNSS
Types of loads on foundations: Dead, live, wind, inclined thrusts
and uplift, water table and earthquake forces
Types of settlements: Uniform and differential - Differential
settlement must be minimized, depends on site soil conditions and
distribution of loads on columns supporting the building
Requirements of a safe foundation: Structure-foundation system
safe against settlements that would lead to collapse - Foundation
settlement should not damage the structure - Foundation must be
technically and economically feasible
6. SETTLEMENTS OF FOUNDATIONS
NO SETTLEMENT * TOTAL SETTLEMENT * DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building, but differential
settlement can cause severe structural damage
8. TYPES OF SOILS AANNDD CCHHAARRAACCTTEERRIISSTTIICCSS
Rocks and soils - Rocks: Broken into regular and irregular sizes by
joints - Soils (particulate earth material): Boulder (too large to be
lifted by hands), cobble (particle that can be lifted by a single hand),
gravel aggregates (course grained particle larger than 6.4mm) , sand
(frictional, size varies from 6.4 to 0.06mm), silts (frictional, low
surface-area to volume ratio, size varies from 0.06 mm to 0.002mm)
and clays (cohesive - fine grained - high surface-area to volume ratio,
size smaller than 0.002 mm) - Peat (soils not suitable for foundations)
- In USA classified according to Unified Soil Classification System
10. PPRROOPPEERRTTIIEESS OOFF FFOOUUNNDDAATTIIOONN
Strength: Load bearing capacities: Crystalline rocks (very strong -
12,000 psf), sedimentary rocks (intermediate - 6,000 psf) and other
types of soils (relatively lower - 2,000 to 3,000 psf)
Stable under loads (creep, shrinkage and swelling)
Drainage characteristics: Porosity and permeability
Soil property estimation: Subsurface exploration (test pits - less
than 8 ft in depth; borings - greater than 8 ft) - Estimate level of water
table - Testing of soil sample in laboratory for various properties:
Particle size distribution, Liquid limit, Plastic limit, Water content,
Permeability, Shrinkage/ swelling, Shear/compressive strength,
Consolidation (creep and settlement)
15. TTYYPPEESS OOFF FFOOUUNNDDAATTIIOONN
A building consists of superstructure, substructure and the
foundations - Two types foundations : Shallow and Deep -
Depends on whether the load transfer is at deeper depths or
shallower depths - Need for these two types (soil strength, ground
water conditions, foundation loads, construction methods and
impact on adjacent property) -Shallow foundations (column
footings without or with tie/grade beams, individual or combined
wall footing, slab on grade, raft) - Deep foundations (caissons with
or without sockets, end bearing or friction piles, pile groups), zone
of influence, made of concrete (regular or site-cast) or steel or wood