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 Imperfects/Irregular  Adverbios
Imperfects › Irregular averbios
 Preterites  Progressives
 Irrugular Preterites › Present
› Car/Gar/Zar › Past
› Spock Verbs  Future
› Cucaracha › Irregular Future
› Snake/Snakey  Conditional
 Modal Verbs  Deber and Soler
 Adverbios  Formal Commands
› Irregular Averbios  Superlatives
 Progressives  Prepositions
› Present
 Demonstratives
› Past

Only Regular
Imperfect Verbs.

AR ER/IR
- aba Yo - ía
- abas Tú - ías
- aba Usted - ía Examples:
- ábamos Nostrosos - íamos Todos los días yo
hablaba
- abais Vostoros - íais Everyday I talk.
- aban Ustedes - ían Cuando era una
niña, montaba los
 Uses cabollos.
When I was a little
› Ongoing past tense action girl, I rode horses.
› Repeated action
› No definite beginning or end
 Like a film not just a single snap shot
› Time/date/age/feelings/descriptions

 Have the same uses!
 3 irregular verbs are ir, ser, and ver.

Ir Ser Ver
• iba • era • veía
• ibas • eras • veías
• iba • era • veía
• íbamos • éramos • veíamos
• ibais • erais • veíais
• iban • eran • veían

Tigger words
Endings for Preterite:
Ayer yesterday
AR ER/IR A noche at night
-é Yo -í El año pasado
last year
- aste Tú - iste La semana
-ó Usted - ió passado
Last week

- amos Nostrosos - imos Ante ayer
before
- aran Ustedes - ieron yesterday

 Uses
› Simple happened and its over action; a
definite time in the past
› Has a beginign and or ending
› It’s a single snapshot in time
› Example
• The boy fell and broke his leg. It
happened at that single point in time.

Comenzar
comencé comenzamos

comenzaste ________
Jugar comenzó comenzaron
jugué jugamos

jugaste _______
Tocar
jugó jugaron
toqué tocamos

tocaste _______  Rule: A spelling change in only
tocó tocaron
the first person; this is done to
keep the sound the word is
supposed to have.
Example Tocar
Tocé - the e sound makes the c soft when it is supposed
to be hard
So we spell it toqué to keep the c hard
Example Jugar
Jugé – the g is soft but should be hard
Jugué - the g is now hard

di/vi
diste/viste
dio/vio
dimos/vimos fui
dieron/vieron fuiste
fue
fuimos
fueron
hice
hiciste
hizo
hicmos
hicieron

ANDAR anduv-
ESTAR
PODER
estuv-
pud-
-e
PONER pus-
QUERER quis- -iste
SABER sup-
TENER tuv- -o
VENIR vin-

DECIR dij-
-imos
TRAER traj-
-ieron
CONDUCIR conduj- -i For “J” verbs, drop the “i”
PRODUCIR produj-
for the ustedes form
TRADUCIR traduj- Ex. Traer Trajeron

 Snakey
 Leer
 Snake Leí Leimos
Leiste --------
 Dormir
Leyó Leyeron

Dormí Durmió
Dormiste -------
Durmió Durmieron  The “i” changes to
an “y” in third
person.
 The “o” changes to
a “u” in third person

ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)

poder + infinitive (are able to do something)

querer + infinitive (want to do something)

deber + infinitive (should do something)

* Conjugate and pair the modal verb with an infinitive to
get a new meaning.

 Formed by adding –mente to the female singular form of
the adjective
› Like adding –ly to adjectives in English

Adjective Feminine Form Adverb
Claro Clara Claramente
Dificil Dificil Dificilmente

 When two adverbs modify the same verb only the second
adverb gets -mente added to it. Both adverbs get
changed to the feminine form.
› El chico el habló clara y cortésmente.
 Irregular Averbs:
› Mucha –lot Tan-so
› Muy- very Demaslado-too
› Mal- bad Peor-worse
› Bastanto – quite/enough Siempre-always
› Bien-good
› Ya-already

 Past
Estar + -ando -iendo -yendo
Conjugate ar er/ir Double
in the vowels
 Present imperfect
› Present and doing it
right now; in the Example: Estaba
moment hablando a ti
 Ex. I am talking to my aunt
 Formula - I was talking to my
aunt
Estar + -ando -iendo -yendo
Conjugate ar er/ir Double
vowels

 Example: Estoy
hablando a ti Hablar -> drop
the ar then add
Estar -> estoy
ando

Irregulars
Decir -> dir –
-é Hacer -> har –
-é
Poner -> pondr – -ás
-ás Salir -> saldr – -á
Tener -> tendr –
Valer -> vendr
-á Poder -> podr
-emos
 Infinitive + Querer -> querr -éis
-emos Saber -> sabr -án

-éis

-án

**Endings are the same for
ar/er/ir verbs

 The conditional tense is used to express
probability in the future tense.
 To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs
in the conditional, simply add one of the
following to the infinitive:
-ía -íamos

-ías -íais

-ía -ían

Remember you can put
a pronoun in front of the
conjugated deber so
 Use deber to say what attach it to the infinitive
people should so. The
conjugated form of
deber is followed by an
infinitive (what they  Use soler to say you used
should be doing) to do something.
Followed by an infinitive
debo debemos  Conjugate it in the past
tense form (imperfect or
debes debéis preterite)
debe deben

 Example: Solía ordernar
 Examples: Debo barrer el las flores.
suelo I used to arrange the
I should sweep the floor flowers
› Debe limpar la cocina
He should take out the
trash

 Put the verb into the “yo” form
 Change to opposite vowel
› -ar verbs change endings to e

Affimative
› -er/-ir verbs change ending to a
 Irregulars: TVDISHES
› See below!
*DOP and IOP can attach
to comand
Negative

 Same as above
*DOP and IOP can not attach

Tenga- Venga- De- Veya- Sea- Haga- Esteé- Sepa-

**Be sure
the
adjectives
matches
 The Most  The Least the noun in
› el más… › el menos… both
› los “ “ … or … › los “ “ gender
and
› la “ “ › la “ “ number
› las “” › las “ “
When you want to say that something has the most or the
least of a certain quality.
To use a noun with the superlative form, put it after the
article **
example: Luis es el chico más alto.
Luis is the tallest boy
When you use an idea or concept, use the neuter article lo
Irregulars: el/la mejor(best) el/la poer(worst)el/la
meyor(oldest) el/la menor(youngest)

Use de only when a specific
location follows the expression

Cerca (de) Abajo
-Near Entre -Below
Delante (de) -Between Arriba
-Before A la izquierda (de) -Up
A la derecha (de) -To the left Debajo (de)
-To the right Al lado (de) -Below
Detrás (de) -To the side Dentro (de)
-Behind Lejos (de) -Inside
Encime (de) -Far Fuera (de)
-Above -Out/Outside

The “t”
is near
me
SM SF PM PF
THIS Este Esta Estos Estas •Aqui
THAT Ese Esa Esos Esas
THAT Aquel Aqualla Aquellos Aquellas
•Allí
OVER
YONDER •Allá

 Eso, esto, aquello are nueter – refer to situations or
ideas, not to specific nouns
 Accent marks denotes pronoun which takes a place
of a noun
 All demonstratives always agree in gender and
number of the noun it modifies
 Comes in front of the noun they modify

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Second Semester Grammar Book

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Second Semester Grammar Book