Fertilization icm-vacaria-toselli
- 1. The role of nutrition in the development of high density orchards in Italy Moreno Toselli Dipartimento Colture Arboree, University of Bologna moreno.toselli@unibo.it
- 2. Objectives High and constant production High fruit quality Environment preservation
- 3. Foto S. Michele A. A:
- 4. features rate = tree request time of application according to uptake kinetics Avoid deficiencies and excess Maximize nutrient efficiency
- 5. N deficiency
- 6. Knowledge environment of cultivation (soil & climate)
- 7. Clay-Loam Sandy
- 8. Water vs N Leaching 4 3 NO3- N Flow Rate 3 (kg/day/ha) 2 R2 = 0.91 2 1 1 0 0 20 40 60 80 Water Flow Rate (tons/day/ha)
- 9. Sandy soil of North America
- 10. NO3-N (kg/ha) 0 10 20 30 40 50 30-Jan 18-Feb 05-Mar 19-Mar 01-Apr 15-Apr 28-Apr 13-May 28-May 10-Jun 24-Jun N Leaching Date kg 140.7 08-Jul 22-Jul 05-Aug 19-Aug 02-Sep 16-Sep 30-Sep 21-Oct 04-Nov
- 11. Knowledge environment of cultivation (soil & climate) genotype (rootstock & variety)
- 14. Trunks Gala/M9 cm 100 cm 135 100 cm Root > 2mm Tagliavini and Malaguti
- 15. Optimal leaf nutrient concentration in Emilia- Romagna (Fuji) nutrient Petal drop1 fruit set summer (%) N 3.4 - 3.9 2.4 - 2.8 2.4 - 2.7 P 0.2 - 0.35 0.18 - 0.3 0.15 - 0.3 K 1.2 - 1.8 1.2 - 1.7 0.8 - 1.4 Ca 0.8 - 1.3 1.0 - 1.3 1.2 - 1.6 Mg 0.2 - 0.3 0.25 - 0.3 0.2 - 0.4 : spur leaflets 1
- 16. Optimal leaf nutrient concentration in Emilia- Romagna (Fuji) nutrient Petal drop1 fruit set summer (ppm) Fe 100 - 150 70 -100 70 - 95 Mn 11 - 220 15 - 45 22 - 55 Cu 13 - 40 8 - 15 8 - 16 Zn 30 - 70 28 - 50 20 - 30 1 : spur leaflets
- 17. Leaf N concentration in Soth Tyrol of Italy (Golden, Fuji, and others varieties) 4 Fuji - Ferrara 3 N (% SS) 2 1 0 50 100 150 200 gg. dopo la piena fioritura Days after full bloom (Stimpfl e Aichner, 2002)
- 18. P leaf concentration in S T of Italy (Golden, Fuji) 0.5 0.4 Fuji - Ferrara P (% SS) 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 50 100 150 200 Days after la piena fioritura gg. dopo full bloom (Stimpfl e Aichner, 2002)
- 19. K leaf in S T of Italy (Golden, Fuji) 3 Fuji - Ferrara 2 K (% SS) 1 0 0 50 100 150 200 Days dopo la piena fioritura gg. after full bloom (Stimpfl e Aichner, 2002)
- 20. Knowledge Environment (soil and climate) Genotype (rootstock & variety) Nutrient request (amount and kynetics)
- 21. KEY QUESTIONS AMOUNT OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION TIME
- 22. + N Balance - SOURCE Uptaken Atmospheric Leaves NH4+ adsorbed pruning wood Irrigation water permanent wood Fertilizers Fruits RISERVES LOST OM Leackage Microbs Volatilization
- 23. Fruits Pruning biomass (21) (17) Fallen leaves (16) skeleton (6) (60) (data VI year SOIL kg N/ha)
- 24. Fruits (42) Pruning biomass (11) Fallen leaves (27) Skeleton (4) (84) (data VI year SOIL kg K/ha)
- 25. Fruits Pruning biomass Fallen leaves Skeleton Ca (kg Ca/ha) in 6 years Soil
- 26. Amount of nutrients removed by apple trees after 6 years and partitioning to tree organs nutrient total skeleton leaves pruning fruits (kg/ha) (%) (%) % (%) N 358 30 21 25 P 66 33 22 28 K 435 15 11 40 Ca 489 30 17 3 Mg 105 19 13 29
- 27. Nutrient removed by apple (kg/ha) Organ N P K CaO MgO Fruits 20 5 50 4 2 leaves 43 2.6 45 72 18 pruning 10 1.6 3 21 18 wood 15 3.4 12 36 2 others 10 1.2 12 3 1 Total 99 13.8 122 136 41 Disciplinari Provincia Trento., 1992
- 28. Removal (kg/ha) SPECIE N P K Ca Mg kiwifruit 130-140 15-20 100-110 200-235 10-12 cherry 90-100 10-20 85-100 90-95 15-18 Kaki 150-170 15-20 115-125 100-115 18-21 apple 40-90 10-20 115-150 120-135 18-21 pear 70-90 5-10 65-85 135-140 12-15 peach 90-150 10-20 100-150 110-130 21-24 grape 60-100 10-15 65-85 40-90 9-15 Scudellari, 1998
- 29. N uptake kinetics species time % of N total uptake grape Before full bloom 25 Full bloom veraison 50 Veraison harvest 25 peach Before mid May 10 Mid May end August 65 End August leaf fall 25 plum Before April 15 May end August 60 End August leaf fall 25
- 30. approx 90-95% of leaf N comes from N remobilization ( Neilsen et al., 1997 )
- 31. 18 Leaf N trend 16 14 12 10 8 N (mg/leaf) 6 pre-harvest 96 4 bloom97 2 0 8 29 72 94 115 143 178 Days after bloom
- 32. N accumulation in Mutsu apple 140 120 100 N (mg/fruit) 80 60 pre-harvest 96 40 bloom 97 20 29 72 94 115 143 Day after bloom
- 33. POTTED WALNUT TIME OF NUE (%) FERTILIZATION 7 days after End of trial fertilization May 2008 Bud burst 4.19 66.4 Pistillate flower 21.6 60.0 Late summer 34.5 69.1 Significance * ns
- 34. SOIL N AVAILABILITY NO3- - N (mg kg-1) * soil volume (0.8 m*10000 m2) / 2 Soil apparent specific weigth (1.2-1.4) AVAILABILITY kg N/ha
- 36. Estimation of soil NO3- -N 1 ppm = 6 kg N/ha 10 ppm = 60 kg N/ha 20 ppm = 120 kg N/ha
- 37. N (kg/ha) 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 Darchini Folli Gasparri Soil N Miserocchi Balella Graziani farm Melandri Applied N Ragazzini Fruit thinning Calderoni Bubani Calderoni Mongardi Montanari Frega Zaffagnini
- 43. Compost, by-products Ricycled organic waste
- 45. Heat NH3 CO2 H2O Mix of organic O2 O2 Compost compounds (weight = 100) (weight < 50) Organic matter Stabilized O. M. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats (easily degradable) partially humified Cellulose, hemicelluloses (degradable) Minerals Lignin (slowly degradable) Minerals Water Water Microorganisms Microorganisms
- 46. Organic fertilizer composition COW COMPOST MANURE D.W. (%) 33 82 O.M. (%) 42 47 N (% p.s.) 1.6 2.4 C (% p.s.) 27 23 C/N 17 10 Total P (% p.s.) 2.0 0.6 Total K (% p.s.) 2.4 0.9
- 48. 3 2.5 Total N () 2 1.5 1 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 Soil OM (%) Control Mineral CM spring Compost spring Compost 5 Compost 10
- 52. TREE YIELD (kg) TREATMENT 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 total Control 31.8 46.3 56.4 b 38.0 b 25.7 b 69.7 44.5 49.9 353.3 b Mineral 32.4 48.1 68.8 a 51.4 a 27.6 b 62.5 42.6 54.1 384.3 ab Cow Manure 33.6 45.9 63.7 ab 39.8 b 32.5 ab 61.1 47.8 56.3 380.7 ab Compost spring 32.9 50.2 60.2 ab 41.5 b 32.8 ab 62.6 49.7 53.2 383.0 ab Compost 5 32.1 51.5 60.4 ab 40.2 b 25.6 b 62.5 47.7 54.1 370.6 ab Compost 10 31.9 50.5 66.6 a 43.5 b 37.8 a 64.7 49.2 59.1 403.4 a Significance n.s. n.s. ** * *** n.s. n.s. n.s. *
- 53. Bitter pit recorrence Genetic suskeptibility: Braeburn, Jonagold, Fuji, Stark D Low crop load Early or late harvest Nutrient antagonism: Ca vs K, Mg e NH4+ Adverse environmental conditions for root growth (low temp., soil moisture, drought stress, nutrient deficiency) High tree vigor (winter pruning, water and N high availability)
- 55. Ca: 157 ppm Ca: 233 K: 8232 K: 7751 K/Ca: 54 K/Ca: 34 Bitter pit in Fuji
- 58. N, K and K released by leaves 120 N, K & Ca remaining (% of initial content) 100 80 N 60 Ca 40 K 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 weeks Tagliavini et al., 2007
- 59. Ca and bitter pit 50 40 % fruit bitter pit 30 20 10 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ca (mg/100 g FW) (Perring & Preston, 1974)
- 60. Flower pollination and fruit Ca n. seeds/ Ca Mg K fruit (ppm) (ppm) (%) 0-1 174 284 0,68 2-3 208 278 0,66 4-5 215 279 0,65 >5 223 280 0,66 ( Bramlage et al., 1990)
- 61. Fruit Ca accumulation 12 Stage Recommended sprays one 10 8 Ca (mg/fruit) 6 Gala Spartan 4 Fuji 2 0 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 June July August September October Neilsen et al., 2001
- 62. CaCl2 penetration in Golden D. fruit 45 120 100 80 Penetration (%) 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Days after full bloom (Schlegel e Sch旦enherr, 2002)
- 63. fertilizer POD Solubility weight (%) (g l-1) (g mol-1) CaCl2 . 6 H2O 33 2790 219 Ca(NO3)2 . 4 H2O 56 6600 236 NH4NO3 63 1183 80 KH2PO4 95 33 136 KNO3 95 133 101 Sch旦nherr, 2002
- 64. At bud breack root uptake may be impaired and N storage not sufficient
- 65. Leaf age 16 * 14 * NDF uptake (mg m-2) 12 * * 10 8 6 Apical 4 Basal 2 0 1 5 24 48 120 Ore
- 66. 19 % www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de
- 67. Mg deficiency
- 68. Courtesy of Dr. Tagliavini
- 71. Pear Mg Mn Fertilizer (mg kg-1 ss) (mg kg-1 ss) Control 0.34b 70a Sulphate (0.48g/l) 0.38a 864c Complexed 0.38a 716b Significance *** * N. Treatments 4 0.33 469 7 0.38 631 Significance *** *
- 72. Fertigation allows the optimal fertilizer distribution
- 73. Fertigation benefits: Nutrient application in the soil with the highest root density Minimize the risk of deficiency or excess Increase mobility of nutrient such as K, P, Mg High nutrient efficiency = low rate = low leaching rate (NO3-N) Low costs Low environmental impact
- 74. Clay soil loam soil sandy soil pepperfriends.com netafimitalia.com
- 75. Fast and constant yield The restricted volume of soil wet by drip affect tree physiology High number of secondary roots and root tips with an increase of absorbing surface and root:soil interface Higher nutrient and water uptake efficiency Increse synthesis of endogenous hormons like Cytokinines and Gibberellins that promote flower differentiation (Bravdo, 2000).
- 76. Critical points fertilizer: pure, soluble and mixable pH: 5.5-7, higher pH = Ca and Mg salt precipitation Concentration of the solution <2 Sulphates react with Ca2+ to make gypsum (CaSO4), that precipitate micronutrients (Fe & Zn) precipitate with phosphates and carbonates
- 77. Water solubility
- 79. Apple fertigation (kg/ha) N P K Mg APRIL 2 2.8 1.0 0 MAY 6 8.4 3.0 0 JUNE 15 2.3 8.2 5.9 JULY 15 4.9 24.3 3.0 AUGUST 10 4.8 32.0 1.1 SEPTEMBER 8 1.8 31.5 0 total 56 25 100 10
- 80. Conclusions Apple trees have low N requirement High K requiremenet Fertigation increases nutrient efficiency Foliar sprays (N, Ca, Mg, K) can increase nutrient efficiency Application of high quality composted organic material is recommendable
- 83. N-NO3- (kg/ha) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 21-May 03-Jun 18-Jun 02-Jul 16-Jul 30-Jul 13-Aug 27-Aug Date kg 51.7 10-Sep 24-Sep 08-Oct 22-Oct Nitrate Leaching in 1996 05-Nov 19-Nov 03-Dec 17-Dec
- 85. Leaf applied N partitioning Leaves Fruits Shoot Twigs Total DW (g) 12.2 41.3 10.7 - 3.5 1.64 0.44 0.1 2.25 N (mg/organ) 15 0.08 73 19 5 100 N (%) 15 3
- 86. Salinity Secndary salinization, application of salts with irrigation Fertigation increases E.C., that must be <1,8dS/m