Hominids
?Download as PPT, PDF?
5 likes?8,267 views
The document compares and contrasts traits of early hominids and later hominids. It lists traits such as cranial features, dental characteristics, tool use, cranial capacity and geographic distribution for several early hominid species including Australopithecines, Sahelanthropus, Australopithecus afarensis and aficanus, as well as later species like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and early modern Homo sapiens. The traits are organized into tables to facilitate the comparison of physical and behavioral adaptations across these important early human ancestors.
Hominids
- 1. Early Hominids Compa re and Cont rast Tra its Later Hominids
- 2. Shared Traits: Early Hominids Early Homo Behavioral/Cultural Features Australopithecines opportunistic tools stone tools Foragers/scavengers/hunters Corms/tubers ¨C underground storage units insects Foragers/scavengers, hunters Olduwan tools Scavanged: dead animals Stone cache sites Occipital shape ¨C angled Facial prognathism ¨C low Supraorbital torus ¨C present Widest part of skull ¨C low (unknown re: Sahelanthropus) - Dental arcade shape on the mandible ¨C v-shaped Chin - internal
- 3. Sahelanthropus tchadensis Saggital crest - absent Temporal fossa - intermediate Post-orbital constriction - prominent Occipital shape - angled Nuchal crest - present Facial prognathism - low Supraorbital torus - present Widest part of skull - low Dental arcade shape on the mandible ¨C unavailable Chin - unavailable P3 shape ¨C unavailable Megadonty - unavailable Cranial capacity ¨C 350cm3 Index: Dimorphism ¨C unavailable Dates ¨C 7.0-6.0 mya Distribution ¨C Central Africa, Toros Menalla CHAD
- 4. A. afarensis Saggital crest - absent Temporal fossa - intermediate Post-orbital constriction - prominent Occipital shape - angled Nuchal crest - present Facial prognathism - low Supraorbital torus - present Widest part of skull - low Dental arcade shape on the mandible ¨C v-shaped Chin - internal P3 shape ¨C semi-sectorial Megadonty - absent Cranial capacity ¨C 420cm3 Index: Dimorphism ¨C 45/29 = 1.55kg Dates ¨C 3.9-3.0 mya Distribution ¨C Hadar, Ethiopia, East Africa
- 5. A. africanus Saggital crest - absent Temporal fossa - intermediate Post-orbital constriction - prominent Occipital shape - angled Nuchal crest - present Facial prognathism - low Supraorbital torus - present Widest part of skull - low Dental arcade shape on the mandible ¨C v-shaped Chin - internal P3 shape ¨C bicuspid Megadonty - absent Cranial capacity ¨C 460cm3 Index: Dimorphism ¨C 41/30 = 1.37kg Dates ¨C 3.0-2.4 mya Distribution ¨C Taung, South Africa, Makapanqaat Sterkfontein
- 6. A. boisei Saggital crest - present Temporal fossa - large Post-orbital constriction - prominent Occipital shape - angled Nuchal crest - present Facial prognathism - low Supraorbital torus - present Widest part of skull - low Dental arcade shape on the mandible ¨C v-shaped Chin - internal P3 shape ¨C bicuspid Megadonty - present Cranial capacity ¨C 460cm3 Index: Dimorphism ¨C 49/34 = 1.44kg Dates ¨C 2.2-1.3 mya Distribution ¨C E. Africa, Turkana KENYA, olduvai, TANZANIA
- 7. H. habilis Saggital crest - absent Temporal fossa - intermediate Post-orbital constriction - intermediate Occipital shape - angled Nuchal crest - absent Facial prognathism - low Supraorbital torus - present Widest part of skull - low Dental arcade shape on the mandible ¨C v-shaped Chin - internal P3 shape ¨C bicuspid Megadonty - absent Cranial capacity ¨C 610cm3 Index: Dimorphism ¨C unavailible Dates ¨C 2.0-1.6 mya Distribution ¨C E/S Africa, Turkana/Koobi For a KENYA, olduvai TANZANIA, Sterkfontein SOUTH AFRICA
- 8. H. erectus Saggital torus/keel - present Forehead - sloping Occipital shape - angled Features: occipital bone ¨C occipital torus Facial prognathism ¨C low Supraorbital torus - present Postorbital constriction - intermediate Widest part of skull - mid Dental arcade shape: mandible ¨C v-shaped Retromolar space - absent Chin - internal Teeth as tools - none Avg. cranial capacity - 1000 Dimorphism index - 121 Dates - 1.8-25 kya Distribution - Asia, Africa, Indonesia, East China, Europe
- 9. H. heidelburgensis Saggital torus/keel - absent Forehead - sloping Occipital shape - angled Features: occipital bone ¨C torus: barred bone Facial prognathism ¨C mid Supraorbital torus - present Postorbital constriction - intermediate Widest part of skull - mid Dental arcade shape: mandible ¨C parabolic Retromolar space - absent Chin - internal Teeth as tools - none Avg. cranial capacity - 1280 Dimorphism index ¨C unavailable Dates - 600-200 kya Distribution ¨C ENS Africa, Europe, Asia: China, India
- 10. H. neanderthalensis Saggital torus/keel - absent Forehead - sloping Occipital shape - angled Features: occipital bone ¨C occipital bun Facial prognathism ¨C mid Supraorbital torus - present Postorbital constriction - slight Widest part of skull - mid Dental arcade shape: mandible ¨C parabolic Retromolar space - present Chin - internal Teeth as tools - incisors Avg. cranial capacity - 1465 Dimorphism index ¨C 1.21 Dates - 300-27 kya Distribution ¨C Northern Hemisphere: Europe, Middle East, W. Asia
- 11. Early modern H. sapiens Saggital torus/keel - absent Forehead - vertical Occipital shape - rounded Features: occipital bone ¨C occipital lump Facial prognathism ¨C mid Supraorbital torus - present Postorbital constriction - slight Widest part of skull ¨C high (close to parietal) Dental arcade shape: mandible ¨C parabolic Retromolar space - absent Chin - external Teeth as tools ¨C molars Avg. cranial capacity - 1350 Dimorphism index ¨C 1.20 Dates - 160-35 kya Distribution ¨C Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia