This document describes an electronic remote control system for an unguided airborne vehicle (UAV) using dual tone multiple frequency (DTMF) decoding. A microcontroller on the UAV analyzes DTMF codes received from a ground control station over GSM to control operations. The microcontroller commands three stepper motors to manipulate the wings, elevators, and rudders of the UAV for take-off, turning, ascending, descending, and landing according to the received DTMF codes. A liquid crystal display on the UAV shows the status of operations during testing.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HARDWIRED CONTROL UNITRahul Sharma
油
The document discusses the control unit in computer architecture. It notes there are two kinds of control units: hardwired and microprogrammed. A hardwired control unit is made up of sequential and combinational circuits to generate control signals. It has the advantage of fast operation but the disadvantage that the wiring must be changed if the design needs to be altered. The document includes a block diagram of a hardwired timing and control unit.
The document compares and contrasts hardwired control units and microprogrammed control units in computers. It describes a basic computer with a data path section and control section. Hardwired control units use a ring counter, instruction decoder, and control matrix to generate control signals based on the instruction opcode. Microprogrammed control units store sequences of microinstructions that implement machine instructions as microroutines in a internal control memory. The control unit then fetches the microinstructions to control the data path.
Micro operations
Fetch, Indirect, Interrupt, Execute, Instruction Cycle
Control Unit
Hardwired Control Unit
Microprogrammed Control Unit
Wilkie's Microprogrammed Control Unit
Embedded processor system for controllable period-width multichannel pulse wi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
油
This paper proposes a sophisticated embedded processor system configured on zynq-xc7z020 field programmable gate array (FPGA) device for generating four channels pulse width modulation signals with variable duty cycles and periods using embedded design techniques. The main advantages of the technique are the high ability to perform a simultaneous control on period and pulse width of the generated signals and a high system design adaptation to choose the number of input/output channels. Controlling the the period and the pulse width is achieved by injecting a digital signal to the designed system to manipulate embedded timers operation. Vivado design suite is used to develop the system hard ware in the integrated development environment where the processing unit and peripherals are instantiated and interconnected. A practical aplication program in C language is prepared to make the system act according to the target. The designed system can be used to drive multi-phase D.C to D.C convertors. The system performance is verified by using vivado logic analyzer and chipscope windows. The superiority of the proposed approach over other approaches is that it resulted in a multi-inputs/multi-outputs pulse width modulation system with high controllability on the pulse width and the period that ranges from 15 nsec to 60 sec.
The document discusses control systems and their evolution. It provides an overview of analog control systems, digital control systems, centralized control systems, and distributed control systems. It then focuses on Yokogawa's CENTUM distributed control system (DCS), describing its components, configurations, and I/O modules.
This PPT is based upon my training in Yokogawa Chennai.
Reference:
# Yokogawa Hand Book on CS 3000
# http://www.slideshare.net/bvent2005/dcs-presentation
The document discusses the organization and design of a computer's control unit. It describes control units as being implemented as combinational logic circuits using gates, flip-flops, and decoders. The control unit uses the opcode of the instruction in the instruction register along with the clock and flags to determine the required control signals. A decoder is used to trigger a unique output line for each opcode input pattern. The control unit issues clock pulses to control the micro-operations and its behavior can be designed as a state table.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The document discusses the control unit of a computer. It covers control memory, microinstruction sequencing, the microinstruction format, design of the control unit, and the address sequencer. The address sequencer uses a multiplexer to select the next address from various sources like incrementing the current address, returning from a subroutine, branching to a new address, or mapping from the machine instruction.
The document discusses control unit design in processors. It describes that the control unit is responsible for generating control and timing signals to synchronize internal and external events. It discusses two approaches to control unit design: hardwired and microprogramming. The hardwired approach is faster but more complex, while the microprogrammed approach is more flexible but slower. It also explains finite state machines are used to represent the control unit and discusses factors that influence control unit complexity.
The control unit (CU) generates timing and control signals that coordinate operations in the computer. It controls data flow between the processor, memory, and peripherals, and directs the system to carry out instructions. Timing is controlled by a master clock generator that applies signals to registers and flip-flops. The CU generates control signals that provide inputs to the multiplexer on the common bus and processor registers. There are two major types of control organization: hardwired control uses gates and digital circuits while microprogram control stores control information in a control memory that is initialized to produce a sequence of micro-operations and can be modified by updating the microprogram. A memory read/write cycle is initiated on the rising edge of a
How to setup ACS Controller and Omron CJ2M PLC EtherNet/IP Configuration StepsTolomatic
油
This information contains primary steps required to commission the PLC and network configuration for operation of the ACS Drive with the Omron PLC. Drive-side information will be provided by Tolomatic. Common PLC set-up will be identified, but not fully detailed herein.
The document discusses improvements and new features in Yokogawa Electric Corporation's CENTUM CS 3000 process automation software. CENTUM CS 3000 R3.07 focuses on enhancing integration capabilities and the human-machine interface. New features include improved migration tools, expanded PROFIBUS DP support, enhanced integration with plant asset management systems, and an updated HMI with multi-monitor support. The updates aim to increase visibility of real-time plant data and diagnostic information across different systems.
This document describes a project to automate a stenter machine using a PLC and HMI for speed control. A VFD controls the speed of the master motor, which then synchronizes the speed of the slave motor. The system uses a Delta PLC and HMI for automatic control. Programming is done using WPL software for the PLC and screen editor for the HMI. Potential applications include plastic industry, product counting, drying machines, and more. The goal is to demonstrate speed synchronization between a master and slave motor for a stenter machine model.
This document discusses distributed control systems (DCS). It begins by defining DCS as a collection of hardware and instrumentation that provides an infrastructure for implementing advanced control algorithms. It then provides a brief history of control hardware from pneumatic to analog to digital implementations. The advantages of digital systems like precision, flexibility, and lower costs are highlighted. Key elements of a DCS like local control units, data acquisition units, and communication networks are described. Additional advantages of DCS like access to process information and flexibility to modify control configurations are also noted.
The document describes the components and functioning of a microprogram sequencer. The microprogram sequencer selects the next address from various sources like the current microinstruction address field, an incremented address, or an external source. It uses multiplexers and registers to select the appropriate next address and load it into the control address register to fetch the next microinstruction from memory. The input logic determines the types of operations the sequencer can perform, such as branching, subroutine calls and returns, and other address sequencing functions.
The document discusses control system trends and different distributed control system (DCS) architectures. It describes the evolution of DCS from centralized to distributed control with fieldbus connectivity. It provides examples of DCS installations and components of DCS systems from manufacturers like Honeywell, Yokogawa, and ABB. These include control stations, input/output modules, networks, and the use of Windows-based control.
The document provides safety and application precautions for using CP-series Programmable Controllers. It outlines intended audience, general precautions including operating the PLC under specified conditions and consulting with OMRON for critical applications. Safety precautions warn against touching the PLC while powered to avoid burns and properly securing AC power lines. Application precautions note potential data instability at power on without a battery installed.
The document describes the basic components of an analog control loop including a transmitter, controller, and final control element. It then provides an overview of analog and digital control systems, explaining the differences between centralized and distributed control systems. Various Yokogawa control system products from the 1960s to beyond 2000 are also summarized.
Ch7 official=computer organization and archietectur- CO-COAJay Patel
油
The document discusses microprogrammed control units. It describes how control units use a control memory (like ROM or RAM) to store microprograms consisting of sequences of microinstructions. Each microinstruction specifies one or more microoperations to perform simple functions. The control unit reads microinstructions from control memory based on the address provided by a sequencer. It can increment addresses or perform conditional/unconditional branches to sequence microoperations and implement machine instructions or routines. Examples of microprograms for fetch and indirect routines are also provided to illustrate the concept.
The document describes a distributed control system (DCS) used to control manufacturing processes. It discusses the key components of a DCS including CPUs, input/output modules, communication systems, and human interface systems. The DCS allows for distributed controllers throughout a system connected by networks for monitoring and control. Specific DCS applications are controlling electrical grids, chemical plants, oil refineries, and other continuous industrial processes.
This document provides an overview and safety precautions for using CP1L/CP1E Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It introduces the intended audience, general precautions for safe usage, safety precautions, and application precautions. The manual describes the organization and contents, provides examples of a shutter control system for demonstration, and references related documentation for additional technical details. Precautions are emphasized to ensure safe design, installation, operation and maintenance of PLC systems.
The control unit generates relevant timing and control signals to coordinate all operations in the computer. It directs the entire system to carry out instructions by communicating with the ALU and memory. Control units are implemented with either a hardwired or microprogrammed design. A hardwired control unit uses logic circuits to generate signals but is complex and difficult to modify. It works fast but changes require rewiring. A microprogrammed control unit uses a microprogram to generate signals and is easier to modify but slower.
This document provides an overview of distributed control systems (DCS). It defines a DCS as a control system with distributed controllers located throughout the system to control subsystems, using proprietary communication protocols. The document describes the basic components of a DCS including field control stations, operator stations, and communication buses. It also outlines the different types of controller modes in a DCS.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The document discusses the control unit of a computer. It covers control memory, microinstruction sequencing, the microinstruction format, design of the control unit, and the address sequencer. The address sequencer uses a multiplexer to select the next address from various sources like incrementing the current address, returning from a subroutine, branching to a new address, or mapping from the machine instruction.
The document discusses control unit design in processors. It describes that the control unit is responsible for generating control and timing signals to synchronize internal and external events. It discusses two approaches to control unit design: hardwired and microprogramming. The hardwired approach is faster but more complex, while the microprogrammed approach is more flexible but slower. It also explains finite state machines are used to represent the control unit and discusses factors that influence control unit complexity.
The control unit (CU) generates timing and control signals that coordinate operations in the computer. It controls data flow between the processor, memory, and peripherals, and directs the system to carry out instructions. Timing is controlled by a master clock generator that applies signals to registers and flip-flops. The CU generates control signals that provide inputs to the multiplexer on the common bus and processor registers. There are two major types of control organization: hardwired control uses gates and digital circuits while microprogram control stores control information in a control memory that is initialized to produce a sequence of micro-operations and can be modified by updating the microprogram. A memory read/write cycle is initiated on the rising edge of a
How to setup ACS Controller and Omron CJ2M PLC EtherNet/IP Configuration StepsTolomatic
油
This information contains primary steps required to commission the PLC and network configuration for operation of the ACS Drive with the Omron PLC. Drive-side information will be provided by Tolomatic. Common PLC set-up will be identified, but not fully detailed herein.
The document discusses improvements and new features in Yokogawa Electric Corporation's CENTUM CS 3000 process automation software. CENTUM CS 3000 R3.07 focuses on enhancing integration capabilities and the human-machine interface. New features include improved migration tools, expanded PROFIBUS DP support, enhanced integration with plant asset management systems, and an updated HMI with multi-monitor support. The updates aim to increase visibility of real-time plant data and diagnostic information across different systems.
This document describes a project to automate a stenter machine using a PLC and HMI for speed control. A VFD controls the speed of the master motor, which then synchronizes the speed of the slave motor. The system uses a Delta PLC and HMI for automatic control. Programming is done using WPL software for the PLC and screen editor for the HMI. Potential applications include plastic industry, product counting, drying machines, and more. The goal is to demonstrate speed synchronization between a master and slave motor for a stenter machine model.
This document discusses distributed control systems (DCS). It begins by defining DCS as a collection of hardware and instrumentation that provides an infrastructure for implementing advanced control algorithms. It then provides a brief history of control hardware from pneumatic to analog to digital implementations. The advantages of digital systems like precision, flexibility, and lower costs are highlighted. Key elements of a DCS like local control units, data acquisition units, and communication networks are described. Additional advantages of DCS like access to process information and flexibility to modify control configurations are also noted.
The document describes the components and functioning of a microprogram sequencer. The microprogram sequencer selects the next address from various sources like the current microinstruction address field, an incremented address, or an external source. It uses multiplexers and registers to select the appropriate next address and load it into the control address register to fetch the next microinstruction from memory. The input logic determines the types of operations the sequencer can perform, such as branching, subroutine calls and returns, and other address sequencing functions.
The document discusses control system trends and different distributed control system (DCS) architectures. It describes the evolution of DCS from centralized to distributed control with fieldbus connectivity. It provides examples of DCS installations and components of DCS systems from manufacturers like Honeywell, Yokogawa, and ABB. These include control stations, input/output modules, networks, and the use of Windows-based control.
The document provides safety and application precautions for using CP-series Programmable Controllers. It outlines intended audience, general precautions including operating the PLC under specified conditions and consulting with OMRON for critical applications. Safety precautions warn against touching the PLC while powered to avoid burns and properly securing AC power lines. Application precautions note potential data instability at power on without a battery installed.
The document describes the basic components of an analog control loop including a transmitter, controller, and final control element. It then provides an overview of analog and digital control systems, explaining the differences between centralized and distributed control systems. Various Yokogawa control system products from the 1960s to beyond 2000 are also summarized.
Ch7 official=computer organization and archietectur- CO-COAJay Patel
油
The document discusses microprogrammed control units. It describes how control units use a control memory (like ROM or RAM) to store microprograms consisting of sequences of microinstructions. Each microinstruction specifies one or more microoperations to perform simple functions. The control unit reads microinstructions from control memory based on the address provided by a sequencer. It can increment addresses or perform conditional/unconditional branches to sequence microoperations and implement machine instructions or routines. Examples of microprograms for fetch and indirect routines are also provided to illustrate the concept.
The document describes a distributed control system (DCS) used to control manufacturing processes. It discusses the key components of a DCS including CPUs, input/output modules, communication systems, and human interface systems. The DCS allows for distributed controllers throughout a system connected by networks for monitoring and control. Specific DCS applications are controlling electrical grids, chemical plants, oil refineries, and other continuous industrial processes.
This document provides an overview and safety precautions for using CP1L/CP1E Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It introduces the intended audience, general precautions for safe usage, safety precautions, and application precautions. The manual describes the organization and contents, provides examples of a shutter control system for demonstration, and references related documentation for additional technical details. Precautions are emphasized to ensure safe design, installation, operation and maintenance of PLC systems.
The control unit generates relevant timing and control signals to coordinate all operations in the computer. It directs the entire system to carry out instructions by communicating with the ALU and memory. Control units are implemented with either a hardwired or microprogrammed design. A hardwired control unit uses logic circuits to generate signals but is complex and difficult to modify. It works fast but changes require rewiring. A microprogrammed control unit uses a microprogram to generate signals and is easier to modify but slower.
This document provides an overview of distributed control systems (DCS). It defines a DCS as a control system with distributed controllers located throughout the system to control subsystems, using proprietary communication protocols. The document describes the basic components of a DCS including field control stations, operator stations, and communication buses. It also outlines the different types of controller modes in a DCS.
Cheap cost of pet animal image editing services for cheap costOutsource Image
油
The pet photographers are the professional photojournalists who have the ability to shot, the original characteristics and nature of pet animals. In the UK, and other European countries are specialized in pet photography industry. Shooting the animals with their own temperament is the complicated task for pet photographers. The locations and environmental circumstances are the vital part in while taking pet photography.
This document summarizes research into hybrid FRP-timber thin-walled (HFT) structural members. Three joint designs were tested between HFT square or rectangular hollow sections: a steel plate joint, dovetail joint, and timber/screw reinforced joint. Preliminary calculations predicted failures below 1 kN, but testing showed the steel plate joint withstood 4 kN before failure, the dovetail joint withstood 7 kN, and the timber/screw joint withstood 9.6 kN. Future work will include designing joints at angled members and modeling stress distributions to further understand HFT composite behavior.
This document describes a robot that can be controlled via DTMF tones sent from a mobile phone. The robot has a mobile phone attached that can receive DTMF tones corresponding to buttons pressed on the calling phone. A microcontroller on the robot decodes the tones and controls motors via an H-bridge motor driver to move the robot in different directions. The system allows remote robotic control over large areas using existing mobile networks without interference from other controllers.
This document describes the design of a remote control system using SMS for displaying advertisements on LCD displays. The system includes a control center that sends SMS commands to multiple display units. The microcontroller in each display unit decodes the SMS messages and displays the advertisements as specified. The messages include the number, duration, and repetitions of advertisements to display. The system allows remote control of LCD displays from a distance using GSM networks for SMS transmission and reception.
Aim of project is to make use of mobile phone to control robot movement
The movement is controlled by pressing relevant keys on a mobile phone that makes a call to another mobile phone attached to the robot.
This document describes a DTMF controlled robotic car. The robotic car can be operated using dual tone multi frequency (DTMF) tones from a mobile phone. The system uses an Arduino microcontroller with an ATmega328 chip. It also includes a DTMF decoder, motor driver, power supply, and DC motors. The DTMF decoder receives tones from one mobile phone and sends the corresponding commands to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the motor driver and DC motors to move the robotic car forward, backward, left, or right. This system allows remote control of the robotic car over larger distances compared to previous RF-based systems. It provides robust control and overcomes limitations of working range and frequency interference.
1. The document describes a remote control system for a cold store that uses mobile phones and a DTMF decoder. A mobile phone serves as the remote control to operate the cold store by calling another phone connected to the control circuitry.
2. When tones are dialed on the first phone, they are decoded by a DTMF decoder connected to the second phone. The decoded signals are then used to control operations like turning the power supply or compressor on/off.
3. The system was designed and tested successfully. It provides flexible remote control of the cold store using widely available mobile phone networks wherever coverage exists.
The document describes a remote control system for multiple cold stores using SMS messages over GSM networks. The system consists of microcontrollers, GSM modems, a PC, and the cold stores. The PC interfaces with a GSM modem to serve as the remote control transmission set. Another set of microcontroller and GSM modem receives SMS messages and uses the microcontroller to analyze and interpret the messages to control operations in the cold stores. The system allows users to remotely control and operate multiple cold stores from anywhere that has mobile network coverage by sending SMS messages with addresses corresponding to the specific cold store.
Advanced Automation System in Industrial Applications Using PIC Microcontrol...IJMER
油
The main aim of this paper is to design and develop an advanced automation system in the
industries. In this technique we are using the GSM modem which have the SIM card present in it, the
user can send message on the 10 digit SIM number using the cell phone from any part of the world. The
micro controller is programmed using the embedded C. when the user will send the message to a
particular device that particular device will be on or we can also off the device. Example if the motor is
in over voltage, under voltage, over current in that time the microcontroller will trip the circuit and give
the message feedback to the user. The micro controller will read the temp from the sensor and it will
display the same on the LCD when the incoming temp crosses the set limit the micro controller will turn
OFF the device and will send the message to owner using the SIM card present in the GSM modem. We
can also check the continuous status of the device.
This document outlines the design and implementation of a mobile controlled robot. It discusses the DTMF system technology used for remote control via phone tones (sections 2-3), the hardware components of the robot including a DTMF receiver, microcontroller, motor drivers and DC motors (section 3), and the software and circuit implementation (section 4). The robot is tested and can be controlled remotely with a phone to move forward, backward, left and right (section 5).
IRJET- DTMF based Control Robot using ArduinoIRJET Journal
油
This document describes a DTMF-based control robot that is controlled using a mobile phone. The robot has four main sections: the remote section which detects DTMF tones from the mobile phone; the control section containing an Arduino Uno microcontroller that reads commands from the DTMF decoder; the driver section with a motor driver and two DC motors to drive the robot; and sensors including a rain detector. The objective is to build a remotely-controlled robot for security applications using DTMF signaling for wireless communication between the mobile phone and robot over greater distances than traditional RF-based controllers.
Office Automation System using Internet of ThingsIRJET Journal
油
This document describes an office automation system that uses IoT technology to control electrical appliances like fans, lights, computers and microwaves through an Android application. The system uses an Arduino microcontroller connected to sensors and a GSM modem to receive control signals from the app and switch appliances on/off as needed. It also monitors for fires or human presence with sensors and sends alerts to users via text message for added safety in the automated office.
The document summarizes a student project to create a cellphone-operated land rover. A group of students designed a robot that can be controlled by dialing the mobile phone attached to the robot. When buttons are pressed on the calling phone, it sends dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) tones that are received and decoded by a microcontroller on the robot. The microcontroller then controls motors to move the robot forward, backward, or turn based on the decoded DTMF tones. The project uses a DTMF decoder chip, microcontroller, and motor driver circuit to enable remote control of the robot using a standard mobile phone as the controller.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
油
This document describes a microcontroller-based anti-theft security system for cars using GSM networks that sends text messages. The system monitors the car doors and boot for intrusion attempts. If an attempt is detected, it sends a text message to the owner and demobilizes the car by disconnecting the ignition. It also activates an alarm. The system uses a microcontroller to coordinate GSM, DTMF decoding, door/boot sensors, text messaging, demobilization, and alarm activation. Testing confirmed the system successfully performed these functions to secure the car and notify the owner of intrusion attempts.
Monitoring and Control System for Building Application Using Modbus Remote Te...IJITCA Journal
油
This document describes a monitoring and control system for building applications using a MODBUS RTU protocol. The system uses a master-slave configuration over an RS-485 network with one master controller and multiple slave controllers. Sensors measure variables and transmit data to the master controller via an analog-to-digital converter. The master controller sends commands to slave controllers which control actuators. Testing showed successful communication over various baud rates, cable lengths, and multiple message frames, demonstrating the robustness of the system for building management applications.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and implemented a dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) based GSM-controlled car security system. The system uses a DTMF decoder and GSM module to allow a car to be remotely controlled and secured from a mobile phone. It works by sending DTMF tones from the phone through calls to the GSM module in the car. The decoder interprets the tones and a microcontroller executes commands to disable the ignition or control other devices. The system was created to improve car security and accessibility through remote monitoring and control with DTMF and GSM technology.
Himanth Kumar Doddi is an automotive embedded developer with over 8 years of experience developing embedded software. He has expertise in C programming, real-time operating systems, automotive protocols like CAN and J1939, and software tools including CANalyzer, AllSim and Greenhill. Some of his project experience includes developing radio control software for vehicles, seeding machine software, payment processing devices, and marine instrument display software.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document discusses DTMF technology and embedded systems. It begins with an overview of DTMF signals, history, and keypads. It then discusses embedded system components, characteristics, and differences from general computing platforms. Finally, it provides details on the hardware and overview of peripherals for an A2Z control system project using a microcontroller, DTMF encoder and decoder, relays, and other components.
The document describes a black box system that can be installed in vehicles to record location data and alert emergency contacts in the event of an accident. It consists of sensors to detect vibrations from impacts, a GPS module to track location, a GSM modem to send alerts via text, and a microcontroller to process the data and control the components. When a crash occurs, it will send a text with the vehicle's current position to a pre-programmed phone number for emergency response.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
GSM 1308 MODEM CONTROL USING PIC-16F877A MICROCONTROLLERMd. Moktarul Islam
油
This document describes a project to control a GSM 1308 modem using a PIC16F877A microcontroller. The goals of the project were to improve an existing Flowcode program to allow the modem to function more like a general mobile phone. Key aspects included using the PIC16F877A and e-blocks components like an LCD board and keypad to send AT commands to the modem for calling, SMS sending and receiving. The programs were tested in Flowcode and shown to allow dialing, call answering, sending and receiving SMS via the modem and microcontroller interface.
GSM 1308 MODEM CONTROL USING PIC-16F877A MICROCONTROLLERMd. Moktarul Islam
油
U50202126129
1. Ahmed Mohammed Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -2) February 2015, pp.126-129
www.ijera.com 126 | P a g e
Electronic Control of Unguided Airborne Vehicle (UAV)
Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed1
, Abdelrasoul jabar Alzubaidi2
1
Academy of Sciences (SAS)- Khartoum - Sudan
2
Sudan university of science and technology- Engineering Collage-School of electronics- Khartoum- Sudan .
Abstract
The paper deals with building an electronic remote control circuit for Unguided Airborne Vehicle (UAV) based
on implementing Dual Tone Multiple Frequency decoder ( DTMF) .A microcontroller is used in the design to
analyze and execute the commands arriving to the UAV . A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD ) is implemented to
show the results during the circuit development and test phase. The control of the UAV is done from the ground
using a mobile or a personnel computer (PC) supplied with a modem. The DTMF decoder output is connected
to the microcontroller which analyzes the commands and accordingly execute them on the control parts in the
UAV . The microcontroller issues orders and display the operations on the LCD .
The circuit design assumes the presence of an operating GSM network for the transmission of the control
commands .The airborne platform model is a small aircraft carrying the electronic circuit on board. Three
stepper motors are used as a means of control to the wings, elevators and rudders in the UAV. .The electronic
circuit on board the UAV is well protected to ensue safety of the hardware and perfect performance.
Keywords : microcontroller ,LCD , GSM , DTMF, Control , UAV . .
I. INTRODUCTION
The new generations of technology has redefined
communication. Any where we find mobile
communication networks installed . But the
application of mobile phone cannot just be restricted
to sending messages or starting conversations. New
innovations and ideas can be generated from it that
can further enhance its capabilities. Remote
management of several electrical and electronic
devices (such as home appliances, office appliances,
and even what this paper deals with "control of
UAVs" ) is a subject of growing interest .In recent
years we have seen many systems providing such
control applications.
II. METHODOLOGY
First of all, it is necessary to analyze the system
operation. According to the analysis procedures, the
circuit is designed. The designed circuit performs
remote mode of operation to control a UAV. The
sequence of operations to be performed remotely are:
Activation of the small engine for take off
operation .
Control of the elevators in the UAV to make it
airborne.
Send ground commands for turning the platform
left.
Send ground commands for turning the platform
right.
Send ground commands for ascending the
platform .
Send ground commands for descending the
platform .
Control of the elevators in the platform to make
it land..
Figure (1) below shows the block diagram of the
platform remote control circuit design by using
DTMF technology.
REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Ahmed Mohammed Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -2) February 2015, pp.126-129
www.ijera.com 127 | P a g e
Figure (1) block diagram of the UAV remote control system
The block diagram is an illustration of how to
implement the design and the various parts involved
in it. The ground control circuit is used as a
transmitting section from which the commands to the
platform are send. The commands contain guidance
instructions to the platform. The received commands
by the microcontroller get processed to carry out the
required operations. An LCD is used for display to
ensure correct system operation during the
development phase.
III. HARDWARE COMPONENTS
The main hardware components in the design are
:
1. Microcontroller (Atmega32) :
Atmega 32 is a microcontroller from Atmel 8-
bit family with 32KB flash memory is used. It is a
forty pins integrated circuit. It contains four
programmable ports plus an in build ADC.
2. GSM modem:
GSM Modem is used as a means for commands
transmission to the UAV. It is very compact in size
and easy to use as plug. The Modem is designed to
interface PC.. and the microcontroller .
3. LCD 40x2:
The LCD 40x2 is used in the system design for
display.
4. DTMF Decoder
DTMF is short for Dual Tone Multi Frequency.
The tones produced when dialing on the keypad on
the phone could be used to represent the digits, and a
separate tone is used for each digit. Pressing any key
generate unique tone which consists of two different
frequencies one each of higher and lower frequency
range. The resultant tone is convolution of two
frequencies . Figure (2) shows mobile keypad
Frequencies.
Figure (2) Phone keypad for DTMF generation
Each of these tones is composed of two pure sine
waves of the low and high frequencies superimposed
on each other. These two frequencies explicitly
represent one of the digits on the telephone keypad.
Equation (1) shows the generated signal .
f ( t ) = AH sin( 2 fH t ) + AL sin( 2 fL t )
(1)
Where;
3. Ahmed Mohammed Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -2) February 2015, pp.126-129
www.ijera.com 128 | P a g e
AH, AL are the amplitudes.
fH, fL are the frequencies of high & low frequency
range.
5. PC Computer:
PC computer hosts developed software to control
remotely the UAV. The PC is connected to a GSM
modem. The software dictates the processor to handle
the controlling process. A corresponding signal is
then sent to the other GSM modem onboard the
UAV.
6. HD74LS373 Latching IC:
The HD74LS373 is an eight bit register. It is
used as a buffer which stores signals for future use.
Different types of latches are available. HD74LS373
octal D-type transparent latch will be used in the
system.
7. ULN 2803A Darlington IC:
The ULN2803A is a high-voltage, high-current
Darlington transistor array. The device consists of
eight NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage
outputs with common-cathode clamp diodes for
switching inductive loads. The collector-current
rating of each Darlington pair is 500 mA. The
Darlington pairs may be connected in parallel for
higher current capability.
8. Stepper motors :
The stepper motors are connected to the control
parts in the UAV .They manipulate the control parts
in order to guide the UAV. Equation (2) gives the
step angel of the stepper motor.
360 Degrees
Step angle = ------------------------------ = 1.8
Degree / Step .(2)
200 Steps / revolution
IV. SOFTWARE DESIGN
The programmer is a device used to download
the hex files from the computer to the flash memory
in the microcontroller.
The program used is BASCOM language. Any
program in this language will be saved with an
extension (.bas). The compilation performs the
following two steps:
- Convert (.bas) extension file to assembly codes.
- The compiler automatically converts the
assembly codes to executable ( .hex) file that can
be downloaded into the microcontroller.
A Pony Prog program is used to download the
(.hex) file program into the flash memory of the
microcontroller.
V. V. ALGORITH
The microcontroller program on board the platform
deals with a fixed format of commands coming from
the ground control circuit .We assumed the following
commands to be processed and executed by the
microcontroller in the platform:
Command 1 : take off command.
Command 2 Turn right command.
Command 3 Turn left command.
Command 4 ascend command.
Command 5 descend command.
Command 6 landing command.
The algorithm contains the main program and six
subroutines .Three stepper motors are controlled by
the microcontroller. The stepper motors in the UAV
are as follows :
. Stepper motor 1 controls the right wing elevator.
. Stepper motor 2 controls the left wing elevator.
. Stepper motor 3 controls the rudder.
The algorithm for the system is ;
Start
--- Check the incoming modem dial tone for
authorization.
- If authorized , continue processing.
- If not authorized , deny access and wait for an
authorized dial tone.
--- Clear all controlled devices .The DTMF code is
(0000)2 .
--- Analyze the incoming code from the DTMF
decoder.
Code reception:
--- If the code is equal to (0001)2 , then go to take off
subroutine.
--- If the code is equal to (0010)2 , then go to turn
right subroutine.
--- If the code is equal to (0011)2 , then go to turn left
subroutine.
--- If the code is equal to (0100)2 , then go to ascend
subroutine.
--- If the code is equal to (0101)2 , then go to descend
subroutine.
--- If the code is equal to (0110)2 , then go to landing
subroutine.
--- If the code is equal to (0111)2 , then go to
terminate the program.
Go to code reception.
Terminate the program:
Display termination on the LCD.
End.
Take off subroutine:
Display take off on the LCD.
Activate the engine.
Activate stepper motors 1&2 for max. elevator
angle.
Delay few seconds.
4. Ahmed Mohammed Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -2) February 2015, pp.126-129
www.ijera.com 129 | P a g e
Decrease the stepper motors 1&2. elevator angle
gradually.
Return
Turn right subroutine:
Display turn right on the LCD.
Rotate stepper motors 3 clockwise.
Return
Turn left subroutine:
Display turn left on the LCD.
Rotate stepper motors 3 anticlockwise.
Return
Ascend subroutine:
Display ascend on the LCD.
Rotate stepper motors 1&2 clockwise.
Return
Descend subroutine:
Display descend on the LCD.
Rotate stepper motors 1 &2 anticlockwise.
Return
Landing subroutine:
Display landing on the LCD.
Activate stepper motors 1&2 for max. air drug
angle.
Return
VI. RESULTS
Many commands have been send from the ground
control circuit to the UAV. Table (1) shows the
results while sending the commands from the control
circuit .
Table (1) Results of sending the commands from the
control circuit to the UAV
Ground circuit
command No.
DTMF
output in
Binary
Action performed
by the Drone
1 (0001)2 Take off
2 (0010)2 Turn right
3 (0011)2 Turn left
4 (0100)2 Ascend
5 (0101)2 Descend
6 (0110)2 Landing
The commands are executed and the platform
performed the relative action. During the experiment
some malfunctions occurred. The malfunctions are
expected to happen.
VII. CONCLSION
This paper adopts a concept to design a system that
acts to receive commands to control the platform in
all its operations. Display units are connected to the
platform to help in monitoring the system operation
in the development phase. The control system is
based on implementing the DTMF technology that
effectively allows control from remote area to the
desired location. The system design is dynamic and
further development and modification can be done .
The system is made simple and user friendly.
REFERANCES
[1.] Mazidi Muhammed Ali, The 8051
microcontroller and Embedded system,
Prentic Hall, 2007
[2.] 息 MSC Electronic, BASCOM AVR, Help
Reference V1.11.8.3, 2006
[3.] Jan Axelson, Microcontroller idea book,
Copy right 1999.
[4.] Thomas L. Floyd,Electronic Devices 2nd
Ed.,Merill Publishing ompany,2003.
[5.] Daniel P. Raymer, Aircraft Design:
Conceptual Approach (Second Edition
2002).
[6.] Ihan Tuzcu Dynamics and control of flexible
Aircraft (Blacksburg, Virginia 2001).
[7.] http://diydrones.com.
[8.] http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org