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Ch.10 Opioid Receptors Pain conference R2  豕
Pharmacology - pharmacodynamics Analgesia from opioid varies greatly between individuals d/t the difference in  morphology and physiology of opioid sys. Ex) c/sec    adequate analgesia    PCA morphine  蟲  study    0.6 ~ 5.2 mg/hr 襦  variation   3 receptor :  mu ,  kappa ,  delta Widely distributed in the brain, spinal cord, pph norciceptors pre and postsynaptic sites of ascending pain transmission sys in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, the brain stem, thalamus, the cortex also found in the midbrain periaqueductal gray, the nucleus raphe magnus, rostal ventral medulla
Pharmacology - pharmacodynamics Opioid receptor activated by exogenous opiates or endogenous peptide 3 major groups of endogenous opioid peptide Endorphin      Mu receptor  : mechanical, chemical, thermal norciception at spinal level Dynorphin      Kappa receptor  : spinally mediated thermal norciception and chemical visceral pain Enkephalin      Delta receptors  : mechanical norciceptions and inflammatory pain
Pharmacology Opioid agonist analgesics Opioid agonist-antagonist analgesics Opioid partial-agonist analgesics Opioid antagonist
Opioid agonists 譯朱  mu receptor   bind  3 chemical class 1. phenanthrene opioid agonists : morphine, hydromorphone, codeine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone 2. phenylpiperidine opioid agonists : meperidine, fentanyl, sufentanyl, alfentanil, remifentanyl 3. diphenylhepatane opioid agonists : methadone, propoxyphene
Opioid agonists Mu receptor activation    analgesia (desired effect)    constipation (side effect) Research :  螳螳  3 螳讌  receptor 襯 郁規 (mu, kappa, delta) Knockout mice(lacking mu receptor) 襯 伎  : morphine  譯殊企  analgesia, respiratory depression, constipation, physical dependence, reward behavior 螳 讌  central role    Mu receptor
Opioid Agonist-Antagonist Analgesics one opioid receptor    binding- agonist activity  Binding another opioid receptor  producing no or low receptor activity Butorphanol, nalbuphine, pentazocine agonist at kappa receptor and antagonit at mu receptor Chronic use, physical dependence  蟆   withdrawl symptom  豐讌
Opioid Antagonists Full agonist response  朱襷  Buprenorphine : addiction history   蟆  Opioid Partial-Agonist Analgesics Naloxone, naltrexone, nalmefene Naloxone, nalmefene : opioid- induced sedation 企  respiratory depression   reverse   Naltrexone : opiate and alcohol addiction  豺襭
Opioid Pharmacokinetics Opioid analgesics   uptake   clearance  螳碁 襷 谿願  -  螳碁  dose titration   Hydromorphone, morphine - liver   uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase(UDT) enzyme      hydromorphone-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide, morphine-3-glucurinode  襦  - renal excretion : severe renal dysfunction    undesirable effect     Fentanyl, methadone - cytochrome P450 enzyme(CYP3A4)      norfentanyl, EDDP, N-demethylated methadone 朱  - macrolide antobiotics : CYP3A4 襯  inhibition  伎  fentanyl, methadone   clearance 襯 螳 - Anticonvulsant phenytoin    fentanyl, methadone   clearance 襯 讀螳
Adverse effect Common side effects Constipation m/c opioid side effect Abd. pain, bloating, nausea, vomitting, urinary retention  覦   Mechanism  Gastric antrum 螻  proximal duodenum   opioid receptor 螳  high concentration  朱 譟伎     opioid 螳  intestinal motility 襯 螳貅  colonic transient time  讀螳 Tx  : stool softner, laxative
Nausea and vomitting   ろ 覲危旧 れ  rapid tolerance 襯 螳讌 Opioid induced nausea & vomiting     mechanism  蟯 1. Stimulating the vestibular apparatus : tx with meclizine, promethazine, scopolamine 2. Stimulation of chemoreceptor trigger zone : controlled with droperidole, prochlorperazine, ondansetron, hydroxyzine 3. constipation
Sedation   麹  Opioid 襯 豌    chronic therapy 譴 讀譴   sedation 螻  drowsiness  覦   Pain   sedation   antagonize     Stable dose 襦 蠍郁 蠍語伎覃 覲危  sedating effect   tolerance 螳 蟾 sedation  intolerance   contributing factor CNS depressant medication, renal and/or hepatic dysfunction, neuropathic pain, disease related fatigue, or intracerebral metastasis Chronic opioid theraphy     sedation  蟆所り鍵 伎  るジ  CNS depressant medication 襯 螳 opioid dose 襯 螳 mephylphenidate  螳  psychostimulant 襯 蟆
Itching   Oral or parenteral route 襦 覦 覲企  neuraxial opioid      覲危 讀  mild 伎 豺襭 豺  Morphine produce histamine release  - itch-specific C fiber    H1 receptor  襯 蠏 Fentanyl   histamine release  讌 讌襷 るジ 蠍一朱  itching  覦 Serotonergic receptor and mu and kappa receptor  螳 蟯螻 蟆朱 螳 豕蠏  study   ondansetron   intrathecal morphin, fentanyl    itching  螳る 覲願螳  Nalbuphine : analgesia  レ  epidural or intrathecal morphine   蠍  itching  豺襭
Less common side effects Respiratory depression   Rare, opioid-naive patient  蠍譯殊    . Brainstem respitatory center     mu receptor 襯 蠏麹  hypoxic and hypercapnic respiratory drive 襯 旧 Pain   physiological antagonist : pain relief   dose reduction 伎 Tx - naloxone 0.4mg    N/S 10cm 3   dilution  伎  2 覿襷  0.5cm 3   -    40kg 覩碁 煙語  0.5 亮 g/kg IV 2 覿襷  - naloxone  覿覿  opioid 覲企  action duration  讌ъ朱襦   close observation
Cognitive dysfunction   Opioid analgesics 襯 豌    reaction speed  螳 覲伎   朱  opioid therapy  讌覃  tolerance  蟾 Opioid    ,  讀  7 手  drive  蠍讌 Delirium 譯朱  terminal cancer pts    麹  renal function  螳   delirium  語  Morphine  螻  meperidine   metabolite    Morphine-3-glucuronide, Morphine-6-glucuronide, normeperidine  煙 語  Delirium   risk  螳    cognitive impairment sign    fentanyl, methadone  螳  active metabolite 螳 レ 覦一る讌  曙 oxycodone, hydromorphone  螻 螳  less active metabolite  蠍磯 曙
Myoclonus High dose  襦  覈  opioid analgesics  螳 覦 螳 蠍磯 螳   morphine and meperidine   higher dose 襦 渚 蟆曙  metabolite   morphine-3-glucuronide, normeperidine   accumulation   覦 蟆曙郁 螳
Ch.11 Major Opioid in Pain Management
Rationale Acute and chronic pain management   opioid theraphy   蠏碁  chronic nonmalignant pain(CNMP)   opioid  襯  1st line Tx  襦 讌 伎 讌 朱  Health care professionals : 2 nd  line  朱  蟆渚 Arthritic pain & neuropathic pain   NSAIDs, anticonvulsant, TCA 螳  efficacious CRPS type I,II 煙  injection therapy 螳  more effective Side effect 襦 誤  risk-benefic ratio  螻れ  alternative Tx. 螳    . Opioid trial    alternative analgesics, interventional pain procedure, and physical and psychological theraphy  螳 覿蟇磯 蠍蠍一 蟆曙
Administration short acting opioid   pain relief  襯 覦覲牛  roller coastereffect  蠍   .   Chr. Pain Tx    Opioid    goal   regular interval  襦  sustained analgesia  讌 Fixed dose > as needed(PRN) Oral administration : convenience, prefferd route IV or SQ : commonly used in cancer pts SQ : faster onset than most oral preparations (slower than IV) venous access  企れ   Bleeding disorder pts    muscle mass  螳   PCA :  morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl    譯朱  Postoperative pain management    Alternatives : rectal, sublingual, buccal, intranasal, transdermal, epidural, intrathecal
Selected opioids Meperidine  ( demerol ) Weak mu-receptor agonist IM  朱  讌襷  neurotoxicity potential  覓語   螳 Morphine  螻 觜蟲伎  potency 1/10, slightly more rapid onset, shorter duration of action Equianalgesic dose    less sedation and prurutis, more effective in neuropathic pain Significant cardiac, anticholinergic, and local anesthetic property 螳 蠍  覓語  therapeutic window  螳 Postanesthetic shivering Tx.   Prolonged adm.(3  伎 )    neurotoxic metabolite(normeperidine)    accumulation  CNS hyperactivity    seizure MAO inhibitor  螳  豺覈   SSRI, tramadol, methadone  螻 蟷 譯殊
Morphine Prototypical mu agonist,  るジ  opioid   equianalgesic potency  觜蟲蠍一 IV, epidural, intrathecal Oral formulation : sustained release(SR), immediate-release(IR) Hydrophilic : BBB 糾骸螳 讌磯 るジ  opioid 覲企  onset  襴 Brain   low solubility &  slower elimination     Plasma half life(2~3.5 hrs) 覲企  analgesic effect 螳  蠍碁 (4~5 hrs) - 2 major metabolite  : morphine-3-glucuronide(M3G), morphine-6-glucuronide(M6G) - M3G : 50% of morphines metabolite 覓殊ろ  generalized hyperalgesia, CNS irritability, seizure, myoclonus 煙 殊狩る蟆朱 覲願    human chronic use    side effect  蟯  蟆朱 豢 - M6G : 5~15% Intrinsic opioid agonism  朱  analgesic effect   Hepatic mech.    elimination  覩襦  cirrotic pts  譯殊 Morphine metabolite れ レ 覦一る覩襦  kidney dysfunction   譟一
Oxycodone   Morphin   semisynthetic congener SAO, IR preparations (single agent or compounded with AAP or aspirin) SR fomulation(oxycontin) SR oxycodone no ceiling dose, minimal side effect, absence or minimal active metabolite, easy titration, rapid onset of action, short half life, long duration of action, predictable pharmacokinetics Oxycodone    prodrug 朱  hepatic metabolism(via cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme)     2 螳讌襦  . oxymorphine :mu-opioid agonist property 襯 螳  active metabolite noroxycodone : inactive metaboliote  SSRI, TCAs, neuroleptics  覲旧譴   譯殊
Hydromorphone   Morphin    hydrogenated ketone analogue Oral ,IV, epidural, intrathecal  襦  螳 Strong mu-opioid receptor agonist activity Morphine  螻 觜蟲伎  similar duration of analgesic effect(3~4 hrs) less frequent side effect(pruritis, sedation, N/V) Hydrophilic 讌襷  morphin 覲企  10 覦  lipid soluble    5~7 覦  potency Onset : oral  30min, IV  5min Impaired GI function    hospice pts   蟆  SQ 襦  螳 Hepatic biotransformation     hydromorphone-3-glucuronide(H3G) 襦   renal excretion M3G   螳  H3G   neurotoxicity    neuroexcitation(seizure, allodynia, myoclonus) 覦 螳 讌襷  renal insufficiency 螳  螳 覃  朱襦  negliable
Methadone   レ Low cost high bioavailability with absorption and activity within 30 min multiple receptor affinity lack of known metabolite that produce neurotoxicity  Unpredictable bioavailability, high interindividual variability Liphophilic 2 isomer D-isomer : NMDA receptor antagonize, 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepi. Reuptake inhibit L-isomer : opioid receptor agonist Mu receptor   morphin 覲企  lower affinity    side effect  Greater affinity than morphine for delta-opioid receptor - opioid-induced tolerance and dependence  襯  desensitization
Fentanyl Perioperative and postop pain management    IV, epideral, intrathecal  襦  Predominantly mu-opioid agonist property Morphine 覲企  faster onset, 75~125 覦  potent Transdermal and transmucosal application  螳 Transdermal fentanyl (Duragesic Patch) Chronic or cancer patient 襷 磯襦 蟠螻 Postop pain Mx.    20%   hypoventilation  覦 覲願 Therapeutic serum level 蟾讌  1~30 螳 ( 蠏  13 螳 ) 蟇碁Μ覩襦 蟾讌  SAO, IV PCA 豌覦 . GI tract  讌讌  企朱  oral opioid 覲企  constipation  蟆 覦 oral medication  覿螳ロ     transdermal rate absorption, skin temp, fat stores, muscle bulk    螳語姶襦  dose titration  企れ   m/c side effect : erythema , itching, pustule formation Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate rapid onset(5~10 min), short duration of action Impaired swallow or GI tract   breakthrough pain  蠍 譬
Sufentanil   (sufenta) Fentanyl   thiamyl analogue 譯朱  operative setting    iv or neuraxial analgesics 襦  譯朱  CYP3A4 isoezyme     hepatic metabolism  Fentanyl  覲企  greater analgesic potency,  shorter half-life, rapid onset , shorter duration of effect Dose related skeletal m. rigidity  覦 螳
Alfentanil (alfenta) iv or neuraxial analgesics 襦  Short elimination half life, rapid onset of analgesia, short duration of effect Repeated dose    continuous infusion 朱 企  accumulation       Ideal in operative setting
Remifentanil  (ultiva) Most potent mu-opioid receptor agonist Adm. IV for induction and maintenance of anesthesia Larger volume of distribution more rapid distribution and metabolism shorter elimination half life(3~10min) more rapid analgesic onset(1min) shorter duration of effect(5~10min) Liver   讌 螻  tissue and plasma esterase    degradation    renal excretion    renal or hepatic insufficiency  ル讌  Continuous infusion  朱  accumulation effect   . Brisk clearance and lack of accumulation    operative setting  レ企 . But Infusion  譴讌覃  rapid loss of analgesia

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  • 1. Ch.10 Opioid Receptors Pain conference R2 豕
  • 2. Pharmacology - pharmacodynamics Analgesia from opioid varies greatly between individuals d/t the difference in morphology and physiology of opioid sys. Ex) c/sec adequate analgesia PCA morphine 蟲 study 0.6 ~ 5.2 mg/hr 襦 variation 3 receptor : mu , kappa , delta Widely distributed in the brain, spinal cord, pph norciceptors pre and postsynaptic sites of ascending pain transmission sys in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, the brain stem, thalamus, the cortex also found in the midbrain periaqueductal gray, the nucleus raphe magnus, rostal ventral medulla
  • 3. Pharmacology - pharmacodynamics Opioid receptor activated by exogenous opiates or endogenous peptide 3 major groups of endogenous opioid peptide Endorphin Mu receptor : mechanical, chemical, thermal norciception at spinal level Dynorphin Kappa receptor : spinally mediated thermal norciception and chemical visceral pain Enkephalin Delta receptors : mechanical norciceptions and inflammatory pain
  • 4. Pharmacology Opioid agonist analgesics Opioid agonist-antagonist analgesics Opioid partial-agonist analgesics Opioid antagonist
  • 5. Opioid agonists 譯朱 mu receptor bind 3 chemical class 1. phenanthrene opioid agonists : morphine, hydromorphone, codeine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone 2. phenylpiperidine opioid agonists : meperidine, fentanyl, sufentanyl, alfentanil, remifentanyl 3. diphenylhepatane opioid agonists : methadone, propoxyphene
  • 6. Opioid agonists Mu receptor activation analgesia (desired effect) constipation (side effect) Research : 螳螳 3 螳讌 receptor 襯 郁規 (mu, kappa, delta) Knockout mice(lacking mu receptor) 襯 伎 : morphine 譯殊企 analgesia, respiratory depression, constipation, physical dependence, reward behavior 螳 讌 central role Mu receptor
  • 7. Opioid Agonist-Antagonist Analgesics one opioid receptor binding- agonist activity Binding another opioid receptor producing no or low receptor activity Butorphanol, nalbuphine, pentazocine agonist at kappa receptor and antagonit at mu receptor Chronic use, physical dependence 蟆 withdrawl symptom 豐讌
  • 8. Opioid Antagonists Full agonist response 朱襷 Buprenorphine : addiction history 蟆 Opioid Partial-Agonist Analgesics Naloxone, naltrexone, nalmefene Naloxone, nalmefene : opioid- induced sedation 企 respiratory depression reverse Naltrexone : opiate and alcohol addiction 豺襭
  • 9. Opioid Pharmacokinetics Opioid analgesics uptake clearance 螳碁 襷 谿願 - 螳碁 dose titration Hydromorphone, morphine - liver uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase(UDT) enzyme hydromorphone-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide, morphine-3-glucurinode 襦 - renal excretion : severe renal dysfunction undesirable effect Fentanyl, methadone - cytochrome P450 enzyme(CYP3A4) norfentanyl, EDDP, N-demethylated methadone 朱 - macrolide antobiotics : CYP3A4 襯 inhibition 伎 fentanyl, methadone clearance 襯 螳 - Anticonvulsant phenytoin fentanyl, methadone clearance 襯 讀螳
  • 10. Adverse effect Common side effects Constipation m/c opioid side effect Abd. pain, bloating, nausea, vomitting, urinary retention 覦 Mechanism Gastric antrum 螻 proximal duodenum opioid receptor 螳 high concentration 朱 譟伎 opioid 螳 intestinal motility 襯 螳貅 colonic transient time 讀螳 Tx : stool softner, laxative
  • 11. Nausea and vomitting ろ 覲危旧 れ rapid tolerance 襯 螳讌 Opioid induced nausea & vomiting mechanism 蟯 1. Stimulating the vestibular apparatus : tx with meclizine, promethazine, scopolamine 2. Stimulation of chemoreceptor trigger zone : controlled with droperidole, prochlorperazine, ondansetron, hydroxyzine 3. constipation
  • 12. Sedation 麹 Opioid 襯 豌 chronic therapy 譴 讀譴 sedation 螻 drowsiness 覦 Pain sedation antagonize Stable dose 襦 蠍郁 蠍語伎覃 覲危 sedating effect tolerance 螳 蟾 sedation intolerance contributing factor CNS depressant medication, renal and/or hepatic dysfunction, neuropathic pain, disease related fatigue, or intracerebral metastasis Chronic opioid theraphy sedation 蟆所り鍵 伎 るジ CNS depressant medication 襯 螳 opioid dose 襯 螳 mephylphenidate 螳 psychostimulant 襯 蟆
  • 13. Itching Oral or parenteral route 襦 覦 覲企 neuraxial opioid 覲危 讀 mild 伎 豺襭 豺 Morphine produce histamine release - itch-specific C fiber H1 receptor 襯 蠏 Fentanyl histamine release 讌 讌襷 るジ 蠍一朱 itching 覦 Serotonergic receptor and mu and kappa receptor 螳 蟯螻 蟆朱 螳 豕蠏 study ondansetron intrathecal morphin, fentanyl itching 螳る 覲願螳 Nalbuphine : analgesia レ epidural or intrathecal morphine 蠍 itching 豺襭
  • 14. Less common side effects Respiratory depression Rare, opioid-naive patient 蠍譯殊 . Brainstem respitatory center mu receptor 襯 蠏麹 hypoxic and hypercapnic respiratory drive 襯 旧 Pain physiological antagonist : pain relief dose reduction 伎 Tx - naloxone 0.4mg N/S 10cm 3 dilution 伎 2 覿襷 0.5cm 3 - 40kg 覩碁 煙語 0.5 亮 g/kg IV 2 覿襷 - naloxone 覿覿 opioid 覲企 action duration 讌ъ朱襦 close observation
  • 15. Cognitive dysfunction Opioid analgesics 襯 豌 reaction speed 螳 覲伎 朱 opioid therapy 讌覃 tolerance 蟾 Opioid , 讀 7 手 drive 蠍讌 Delirium 譯朱 terminal cancer pts 麹 renal function 螳 delirium 語 Morphine 螻 meperidine metabolite Morphine-3-glucuronide, Morphine-6-glucuronide, normeperidine 煙 語 Delirium risk 螳 cognitive impairment sign fentanyl, methadone 螳 active metabolite 螳 レ 覦一る讌 曙 oxycodone, hydromorphone 螻 螳 less active metabolite 蠍磯 曙
  • 16. Myoclonus High dose 襦 覈 opioid analgesics 螳 覦 螳 蠍磯 螳 morphine and meperidine higher dose 襦 渚 蟆曙 metabolite morphine-3-glucuronide, normeperidine accumulation 覦 蟆曙郁 螳
  • 17. Ch.11 Major Opioid in Pain Management
  • 18. Rationale Acute and chronic pain management opioid theraphy 蠏碁 chronic nonmalignant pain(CNMP) opioid 襯 1st line Tx 襦 讌 伎 讌 朱 Health care professionals : 2 nd line 朱 蟆渚 Arthritic pain & neuropathic pain NSAIDs, anticonvulsant, TCA 螳 efficacious CRPS type I,II 煙 injection therapy 螳 more effective Side effect 襦 誤 risk-benefic ratio 螻れ alternative Tx. 螳 . Opioid trial alternative analgesics, interventional pain procedure, and physical and psychological theraphy 螳 覿蟇磯 蠍蠍一 蟆曙
  • 19. Administration short acting opioid pain relief 襯 覦覲牛 roller coastereffect 蠍 . Chr. Pain Tx Opioid goal regular interval 襦 sustained analgesia 讌 Fixed dose > as needed(PRN) Oral administration : convenience, prefferd route IV or SQ : commonly used in cancer pts SQ : faster onset than most oral preparations (slower than IV) venous access 企れ Bleeding disorder pts muscle mass 螳 PCA : morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl 譯朱 Postoperative pain management Alternatives : rectal, sublingual, buccal, intranasal, transdermal, epidural, intrathecal
  • 20. Selected opioids Meperidine ( demerol ) Weak mu-receptor agonist IM 朱 讌襷 neurotoxicity potential 覓語 螳 Morphine 螻 觜蟲伎 potency 1/10, slightly more rapid onset, shorter duration of action Equianalgesic dose less sedation and prurutis, more effective in neuropathic pain Significant cardiac, anticholinergic, and local anesthetic property 螳 蠍 覓語 therapeutic window 螳 Postanesthetic shivering Tx. Prolonged adm.(3 伎 ) neurotoxic metabolite(normeperidine) accumulation CNS hyperactivity seizure MAO inhibitor 螳 豺覈 SSRI, tramadol, methadone 螻 蟷 譯殊
  • 21. Morphine Prototypical mu agonist, るジ opioid equianalgesic potency 觜蟲蠍一 IV, epidural, intrathecal Oral formulation : sustained release(SR), immediate-release(IR) Hydrophilic : BBB 糾骸螳 讌磯 るジ opioid 覲企 onset 襴 Brain low solubility & slower elimination Plasma half life(2~3.5 hrs) 覲企 analgesic effect 螳 蠍碁 (4~5 hrs) - 2 major metabolite : morphine-3-glucuronide(M3G), morphine-6-glucuronide(M6G) - M3G : 50% of morphines metabolite 覓殊ろ generalized hyperalgesia, CNS irritability, seizure, myoclonus 煙 殊狩る蟆朱 覲願 human chronic use side effect 蟯 蟆朱 豢 - M6G : 5~15% Intrinsic opioid agonism 朱 analgesic effect Hepatic mech. elimination 覩襦 cirrotic pts 譯殊 Morphine metabolite れ レ 覦一る覩襦 kidney dysfunction 譟一
  • 22. Oxycodone Morphin semisynthetic congener SAO, IR preparations (single agent or compounded with AAP or aspirin) SR fomulation(oxycontin) SR oxycodone no ceiling dose, minimal side effect, absence or minimal active metabolite, easy titration, rapid onset of action, short half life, long duration of action, predictable pharmacokinetics Oxycodone prodrug 朱 hepatic metabolism(via cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme) 2 螳讌襦 . oxymorphine :mu-opioid agonist property 襯 螳 active metabolite noroxycodone : inactive metaboliote SSRI, TCAs, neuroleptics 覲旧譴 譯殊
  • 23. Hydromorphone Morphin hydrogenated ketone analogue Oral ,IV, epidural, intrathecal 襦 螳 Strong mu-opioid receptor agonist activity Morphine 螻 觜蟲伎 similar duration of analgesic effect(3~4 hrs) less frequent side effect(pruritis, sedation, N/V) Hydrophilic 讌襷 morphin 覲企 10 覦 lipid soluble 5~7 覦 potency Onset : oral 30min, IV 5min Impaired GI function hospice pts 蟆 SQ 襦 螳 Hepatic biotransformation hydromorphone-3-glucuronide(H3G) 襦 renal excretion M3G 螳 H3G neurotoxicity neuroexcitation(seizure, allodynia, myoclonus) 覦 螳 讌襷 renal insufficiency 螳 螳 覃 朱襦 negliable
  • 24. Methadone レ Low cost high bioavailability with absorption and activity within 30 min multiple receptor affinity lack of known metabolite that produce neurotoxicity Unpredictable bioavailability, high interindividual variability Liphophilic 2 isomer D-isomer : NMDA receptor antagonize, 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepi. Reuptake inhibit L-isomer : opioid receptor agonist Mu receptor morphin 覲企 lower affinity side effect Greater affinity than morphine for delta-opioid receptor - opioid-induced tolerance and dependence 襯 desensitization
  • 25. Fentanyl Perioperative and postop pain management IV, epideral, intrathecal 襦 Predominantly mu-opioid agonist property Morphine 覲企 faster onset, 75~125 覦 potent Transdermal and transmucosal application 螳 Transdermal fentanyl (Duragesic Patch) Chronic or cancer patient 襷 磯襦 蟠螻 Postop pain Mx. 20% hypoventilation 覦 覲願 Therapeutic serum level 蟾讌 1~30 螳 ( 蠏 13 螳 ) 蟇碁Μ覩襦 蟾讌 SAO, IV PCA 豌覦 . GI tract 讌讌 企朱 oral opioid 覲企 constipation 蟆 覦 oral medication 覿螳ロ transdermal rate absorption, skin temp, fat stores, muscle bulk 螳語姶襦 dose titration 企れ m/c side effect : erythema , itching, pustule formation Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate rapid onset(5~10 min), short duration of action Impaired swallow or GI tract breakthrough pain 蠍 譬
  • 26. Sufentanil (sufenta) Fentanyl thiamyl analogue 譯朱 operative setting iv or neuraxial analgesics 襦 譯朱 CYP3A4 isoezyme hepatic metabolism Fentanyl 覲企 greater analgesic potency, shorter half-life, rapid onset , shorter duration of effect Dose related skeletal m. rigidity 覦 螳
  • 27. Alfentanil (alfenta) iv or neuraxial analgesics 襦 Short elimination half life, rapid onset of analgesia, short duration of effect Repeated dose continuous infusion 朱 企 accumulation Ideal in operative setting
  • 28. Remifentanil (ultiva) Most potent mu-opioid receptor agonist Adm. IV for induction and maintenance of anesthesia Larger volume of distribution more rapid distribution and metabolism shorter elimination half life(3~10min) more rapid analgesic onset(1min) shorter duration of effect(5~10min) Liver 讌 螻 tissue and plasma esterase degradation renal excretion renal or hepatic insufficiency ル讌 Continuous infusion 朱 accumulation effect . Brisk clearance and lack of accumulation operative setting レ企 . But Infusion 譴讌覃 rapid loss of analgesia