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Parasite nomenclature

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Jasmen Pasia

Parasites are classified according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and belong to a Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. Parasite transmission can occur through soil, snails, arthropods, food/animals, contact, or air. The epidemiology of parasitic infections examines incidence, prevalence, intensity of infection, morbidity, and mortality.

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Parasite nomenclature
Classified according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Each parasite belongs to a Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species
At times the further divisions of Suborder, Superfamily, Subfamily, and Subspecies are employed Family Name - -idae Superfamily - -oidea Subfamily - -inae Names are binomial for species and trinomial for subspecies
1. Soil-transmitted = undergo development in the soil to reach the infective stage Ex: Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura
2. Snail-transmitted = undergo further development in the snail to reach their infective stage Ex: Schistosoma japonicum
3. Arthropod Transmitted = undergo further development in insect vectors to reach their infective stage Ex: malaria mosquito filariasis - mosquito leishmaniasis sandfly trypanosomiasis A. American reduviid bug B. African - tse-tse flies
4. Food-Animal Transmitted = undergo further development in animals to reach their infective stage Ex: Taenia solium pork Taenia saginata - beef
5. Contact Transmitted = parasite is really infective = parasite does not have to go further development Ex: Trichomonas vaginalis Enterobius vermicularis
6. Animal-borne = animal to human = zooanthroponosis 7. Airborne Ex: Enterobius vermicularis Ascaris lumbricoides
7. Autoinfection = infecting ones self
1. Mouth (Oral Cavity) A) ingestion of: embryonated eggs (A. lumbricoides) cysts (Entamoeba histolytica)
1. Mouth (Oral Cavity) B) intimate oral contact Trichomonas tenax Entamoeba gingivalis
1. Mouth (Oral Cavity) B) intimate oral contact Trichomonas tenax Entamoeba gingivalis
2. Skin A) Active penetration filariform larvae (hookworm) cercariae (trematode)
3. Others A) Sexual Contact Trichomonas vaginalis B) Transplacental Toxoplasma gondii C) Transmammary Strongyloides stercoralis D) Intranasal Naegleria fowleri Acanthamoeba culbertsoni
1. Stool = recovery of ova 2. Urine = T. vaginalis, S. haematobium 3. Sputum = Paragonimus westermani
4. Blood = microfilaria, gametocytes 5. Tissue Biopsy a) muscle Trichinella spiralis (encysted larva) Taenia solium (cysticercus cellulosae) Diphyllobothrium latum (sparganum)
5. Tissue Biopsy b) rectal biopsy amoebiasis secondary Schistosoma infection
Epidemiology = is the study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease
1) Incidence = is the number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time
2) Prevalence = is the number (usually expressed in percentage) of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time
3) Cumulative Prevalence = is the percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite
4) Intensity of Infection = refers to the number of worms per infected person = this may be measured directly or indirectly and is also called as the worm burden
5) Morbidity = clinical consequences of infections or diseases that affect an individuals well-being
6) Mortality = incidence of death in a given population
The transmission of parasites involved 3 factors: a) source of infection b) mode of transmission c) presence of susceptible host
A human being, when infected by a parasite may serve as: a) its only host b) its principal host with other animals also infected c) its incidental host with 1 or other animals as principal host
PARASITOLOGY HELMITHS PROTOZOA ARTHROPODS PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES PHYLUM NEMATODA Class Cestoda Class Trematoda

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Parasite nomenclature

  • 2. Classified according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Each parasite belongs to a Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species
  • 3. At times the further divisions of Suborder, Superfamily, Subfamily, and Subspecies are employed Family Name - -idae Superfamily - -oidea Subfamily - -inae Names are binomial for species and trinomial for subspecies
  • 4. 1. Soil-transmitted = undergo development in the soil to reach the infective stage Ex: Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura
  • 5. 2. Snail-transmitted = undergo further development in the snail to reach their infective stage Ex: Schistosoma japonicum
  • 6. 3. Arthropod Transmitted = undergo further development in insect vectors to reach their infective stage Ex: malaria mosquito filariasis - mosquito leishmaniasis sandfly trypanosomiasis A. American reduviid bug B. African - tse-tse flies
  • 7. 4. Food-Animal Transmitted = undergo further development in animals to reach their infective stage Ex: Taenia solium pork Taenia saginata - beef
  • 8. 5. Contact Transmitted = parasite is really infective = parasite does not have to go further development Ex: Trichomonas vaginalis Enterobius vermicularis
  • 9. 6. Animal-borne = animal to human = zooanthroponosis 7. Airborne Ex: Enterobius vermicularis Ascaris lumbricoides
  • 11. 1. Mouth (Oral Cavity) A) ingestion of: embryonated eggs (A. lumbricoides) cysts (Entamoeba histolytica)
  • 12. 1. Mouth (Oral Cavity) B) intimate oral contact Trichomonas tenax Entamoeba gingivalis
  • 13. 1. Mouth (Oral Cavity) B) intimate oral contact Trichomonas tenax Entamoeba gingivalis
  • 14. 2. Skin A) Active penetration filariform larvae (hookworm) cercariae (trematode)
  • 15. 3. Others A) Sexual Contact Trichomonas vaginalis B) Transplacental Toxoplasma gondii C) Transmammary Strongyloides stercoralis D) Intranasal Naegleria fowleri Acanthamoeba culbertsoni
  • 16. 1. Stool = recovery of ova 2. Urine = T. vaginalis, S. haematobium 3. Sputum = Paragonimus westermani
  • 17. 4. Blood = microfilaria, gametocytes 5. Tissue Biopsy a) muscle Trichinella spiralis (encysted larva) Taenia solium (cysticercus cellulosae) Diphyllobothrium latum (sparganum)
  • 18. 5. Tissue Biopsy b) rectal biopsy amoebiasis secondary Schistosoma infection
  • 19. Epidemiology = is the study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease
  • 20. 1) Incidence = is the number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time
  • 21. 2) Prevalence = is the number (usually expressed in percentage) of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time
  • 22. 3) Cumulative Prevalence = is the percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite
  • 23. 4) Intensity of Infection = refers to the number of worms per infected person = this may be measured directly or indirectly and is also called as the worm burden
  • 24. 5) Morbidity = clinical consequences of infections or diseases that affect an individuals well-being
  • 25. 6) Mortality = incidence of death in a given population
  • 26. The transmission of parasites involved 3 factors: a) source of infection b) mode of transmission c) presence of susceptible host
  • 27. A human being, when infected by a parasite may serve as: a) its only host b) its principal host with other animals also infected c) its incidental host with 1 or other animals as principal host
  • 28. PARASITOLOGY HELMITHS PROTOZOA ARTHROPODS PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES PHYLUM NEMATODA Class Cestoda Class Trematoda