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hazards vulnerability exposure disaster underlying risk factors from natural event to disaster elements effects vulnerable sectors include basic concept of hazard impact on health effect on health common types of hazards workplace hazard chemical hazards noise hazards temperature being struck by moving object volcano pyroclastic flow effects of disasters risk disaster concepts environmental concerns geothermal energy fossil fuels characteristics of life unifying themes in the study of life origin of life concept of life water cycle conservation hydroelectric power water bodies water resources net osmotic movement sex chromosomes lethal effects cell cycle mitosis meiosis cell cell theory leeuwenhoek virchow schwann organelles plasma membrane nucleus eukaryotic prokaryotic cell plant tissue ash fall tephra lahar rock fall prevention intervention beforeduring and after lava flow transport mechanism active and passive transport diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis hypotonic hypertonic isotonic concentration gradient net diffusion plant cell