The (Eukaryotic) Cell - Introduction
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There are 50-100 trillion cells in the human body that come in around 200 different types ranging widely in size, from 2 microns up to over 1 meter. The key components of cells include the plasma membrane, nucleus, organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum, as well as cytosol containing water, ions, nutrients, and waste. The plasma membrane is a fluid bilayer that uses various mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and transport proteins to control what enters and exits the cell. Organelles perform vital functions - the nucleus houses DNA, ribosomes perform protein synthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum packages proteins and lipids, mitochondria generate energy, and the
The (Eukaryotic) Cell - Introduction
- 1. The Cell Cell Overview The Plasma Membrane Key Organelles
- 2. Numbers, Variety, Sizes 50 106 Trillion cells in the body ~200 different kinds of cells in body nerve, blood, muscle, liver, kidney Length: 2 microns over 1 meter Platelets = 2 microns nerve cells = over 3 feet long
- 4. Cellular Components Plasma Membrane Nucleus Organelles Cytosol: water, ions, nutrients, waste products Granules: glycogen, melanin
- 6. The Fluid Mosaic Model Phospholipid bilayer structural support Cholesterol fluidity, flexibility Proteins (many kinds) receptors enzymes transporters ion channels specialized connections
- 7. Crossing The Plasma Membrane Mechanisms: Passive NO ATP required Active ATP Required Simple Diffusion (High -> Low concentration) Osmosis (water mvt) Facilitated Transport (transporter protein) Active Transport (Low -> High concentration) Sodium/Potassium pump (Mvt of Larger molecules) Endocytosis Exocytosis
- 9. Nucleus Double plasma membrane with large pores Nucleolus for ribosome synthesis Chromatin(DNA- protein) Extendedbarely visible Condensed-- visible
- 10. Ribosomes Protein synthesis (translation of mRNA) free or associated with endoplasmic reticulum 2 subunits made in nucleolus from nucleic acids and proteins
- 11. Endoplasmic Reticulum A continuous membrane system: Nuclear Membrane- Rough ER-Smooth ER Rough ER (Ribosomes, newly synthesized proteins) Smooth ER (Lipid synthesis, transport)
- 12. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the Cell Site of Aerobic respiration: O2 used in oxidation of glucose, fats to produce ATP Vary in # and size within cells Double membrane
- 13. Golgi Apparatus Packaging & Transport