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autonomic nervous system beta blockers calcium channel blockers propranolol acetylcholine atropine absorption first pass metabolism half life cns drugs diuretics aspirin volume of distribution nitrates angina potassium chloride noradrenaline calcium chloride adrenergic muscarinic receptors isoprenaline adrenaline parasympathetic prazosin cardiac stimulant cardiac depressant indirect acting direct acting effect of drugs on frogs's heart organs on chips demyelinating diseases umbilical cord stem cells multiple sclerosis spinal cord injury type 1 diabetes eye deafness stem cell therapy parkinson's disease clopidogrel antiplatelet anticoagulant heparin streptokinase abciximab dipyridamole eptifibatide tranylcypromine (mao-a+b) 2nd gen. moclobemide amitriptyline nortriptyline clomipramine phenelzine citalopram mianserin bupropion baldness doxazosin alpha and beta receptors anti adrenergic anti cholinergic cholinergic sympathetic anti-hypertensive drugs angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors angiotensin receptor blockers carbachol bethanechol organophosphorous coagulant warfarin ticlopidine dapoxetine 4. serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake ich guidelines of gcp declaration of helsinki belmont report clinical trial ind clinical trials preclinical development target selection transgenic animals lead finding dna microarray target validation regulatory approval 0 2 phase 1 drug discovery nda lead optimization drug development lead compound marketing of drug spectrophotometer absorbance beer's law lambert's law colorimetry spectroscopy transmittance potassium channel openers anti-angina n-acetylcysteine olanzapine raloxifene aripiprazole atypical antipsychotics estrogen quetiapine ziprasidone clozapine second generation antipsychotics minocycline risperidone salt factor relative bioavailability clinical equivalence tmax pharmacokinetics bioavailability therapeutic equivalence zero order kinetics clearance bioequivalence cmax elimination rate constant distribution equilibrium absolute bioavailability first order kinetics mixed order kinetics common rule nuremberg code thyrotoxicosis digitalis toxicity pharmacology neuropharmacology antiepileptic epilepsy seizures status epilepticus classification of seizures adverse drug effects adr adverse drug reaction type a effects type b effects aetcom attitude ethics and c affinity drug receptors timolol atenolol uses side effects heart failure bisoprolol sotalol acebutolol beta 1 beta 2 beta 3 contraindications drug interactions hypertension psychopharmacology cardiovascular system drugs drugs & aids in dental drugs affecting blood general anaesthetics skeletal muscle relaxants antimicrobials general considerations classification mechanism of action diabetes mellitus type 2 oral antidiabetic drugs sulfonylureas metformin meglitinde analogues gliptins glp-1 analogues pindolol communication bioethics autonomy beneficence nonmaleficence justice case introduction anti-cancer drugs anti-fungal drugs antiprotozoal drugs antiseptics disinfectants anti-tb anti leprosy drugs anti-viral drugs epinephrine ephedrine aminophylline zafirlukast terbutaline prednisolonem montelukast salbutamol theophylline ipratropium zileuton tiotropium sodium cromoglycate routes of drug administration history of pharmacology drug names ibuprofen salicylates  aspirin. propionic acid derivative who guidelines of gcp clorgyline (mao a) selegiline mao-b sertraline paroxetine escitalopram fluvoxamine tricyclic antidepressants (tcas) na + 5-ht reuptak mirtazapine selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssris) fl duloxetine 5. atypical antidepressants trazodone doxepin ;desipramine amoxapine; vasodilators dobutamine nesiritide digoxin meperidine loperamide pentazocine opioid strong opioid agonists  morphine diclofenac tcas  amit. nort. nsaids  asp. pcm indo. pregabalin gabap. ibup. imipramine antiepileptics cbmz excretion g protein coupled receptors efficacy autacoids hydralazine flurbiprofen fenamate  mephenamic acid. enolic tenoxicam acetic acid derivatives  ketorolac indomethacin pyrazolone derivatives phenylbutazon aceclofenac c. selective cox-2 inhibitors  cele parecoxib d. analgesic-antipyretics with poor anti preferential cox-2 inhibitors  nimesulide diclofenac etoricoxib propiphenazone. benzoxazocine derivative: nefopam fentanyl (its derivatives) tapentadol mixed opioid agonist-antagonists bupre tramadol methadone moderate opioid agonists  codeine nalbuphine hydrocodone other opioid agonists  dextromethor diphenoxylate