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Plural Rule 1
 Most words add ‘s’ to make the plural.
 one apple two apples
 desk → desks month → months
 book → books train → trains
 pen → pens name → names
 shop → shops friend → friends
 chair → chairs teacher →teachers

Try these…

 pencil →  window →
 road →  door →
 flower →  cake →
 girl →  banana →
 plant →  shoe →

Plural Rule 2
 Add ‘es’ to words ending in ‘ch’, ‘sh’, ‘s’, ‘ss’,
‘x’ or ‘z’ to make the plural.
 one box many boxes
 wish → wishes beach → beaches
 cross → crosses waltz → waltzes
 bus → buses church → churches
 dish → dishes loss → losses
 fox → foxes bunch → bunches

Try these…

 watch →  glass →
 pitch →  dress →
 wax →  bush →
 class →  hutch →
 gas →  quiz → quizzes

Plural Rule 3
 When the letter before a ‘y’ is a consonant,
change the ‘y’ to an ‘i’ before adding an ‘es’.
 one baby two babies

 city→ cities berry → berries
 pony → ponies family → families
 reply → replies lady → ladies

Try these…

 daisy →  diary →
 ferry →  cherry →
 army →  belly →
 party →  jelly →
 fly →  filly →

Plural Rule 4
 When words end in ‘ay’, ‘ey’, ‘iy’, ’oy’, and ‘uy’
add an ‘s’ to make the plural.
 one donkey two donkeys

 day → days boy → boys
 key → keys delay → delays
 play → plays guy → guys

Try these

 quay →  monkey →
 valley →  trolley →
 tray →  buoy →
 pulley →  relay →
 toy →  holiday →

Plural Rule 5

 When words end in ‘f’ or ‘fe’ change the
‘f’ or ‘fe’ to a ‘v’ before adding ‘es’.
 one knife two knives

 leaf → leaves life → lives
 half → halves hoof → hooves
 wife → wives thief → thieves

Try these
 wolf →
 elf →
 loaf →
 self →
 calf →
 shelf →
 Exceptions → cliffs, chiefs, roofs, dwarfs
and handkerchiefs.

Plural Rule 6
 When a word ends in an ‘o’ and comes after a
consonant, add ‘es’ to make the plural.
 one tomato two tomatoes

 cargo → cargoes mango → mangoes
 echo → echoes hero → heroes
 volcano →volcanoes torpedo→ torpedoes

Try these
 potato →
 avocado →
 mosquito →
 domino →
 buffalo →
 dingo →
 Exceptions → pianos, banjos, solos,
radios and Eskimos.

Plural Rules 7

 Sometimes a word may completely
change its form when a plural is made.
 one child two children

 person →people goose → geese
 man → men woman → women
 cactus →cacti fungus → fungi

Try these

 tooth →  mouse →
 dice →  nucleus →
 foot →  criterion →

Plural Rule 8
 Sometimes a word may stay the same in both
its singular and plural form.
 one fish many fish

 tuna → tuna trout → trout
 deer → deer sheep → sheep
 moose moose series → series

Try these

 aircraft→  salmon→
 species →  bream →
 offspring →

Recap and Consolidation

 The easiest way to learn how to spell a
word is to practice! Practice! Practice!
 Spelling rules are helpful but practice
makes perfect.
 Once you learn how to spell a word you
will not forget how to spell it as long as
you practice! Practice! Practice!

So what did you think of that?

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Plural rules

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