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Assessment of rainwater harvesting as an alternative water source for rural Indonesia

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Raden Ajeng Koesoemo Roekmi
Raden Ajeng Koesoemo Roekmi

This presentation was presented at the 21st Congress of International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), Asia Pacific Division (APD). 2 - 5 September 2018, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

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ASSESSMENT OF RAINWATER HARVESTING AS AN ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCE FOR RURAL R A KOESOEMO ROEKMI LLOYD HC CHUA K BASKARAN SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEAKIN UNIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION Rainwater harvesting is a good water source alternative for tropical countries ----- INDONESIA ---- -- M D G F A C T S Access to improved drinking water source 76 % (1990 ) 91 % (2015 ) Global population 3/4 Got Piped water 844 million people without access to basic drinking water sources S D G F A C T S TARGET 6.A By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity- building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
RAINWATER HARVESTING IN INDONESIA Annual rainfall of about 2,000 - 3,500 mm in most of the country Only 2.4% households use RWH as drinking water source Mostly in West Kalimantan by 40.7% households RWH FACTS People think RWH would not be reliable for whole year supply Rainwater quality is poorer than other water sources Installing RWH is expensive Needs big space for rainwater tank BARRIERS FOR RWH IMPLEMENTATION
OBJECTIVES To identify the sustainability of RWH systems based on: Building cost Reliability to supply water for the whole year Water quality.
STUDY SITE KAMPUNG CIMAHI, BEKASI, WEST JAVA RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 2015 WATER SOURCES
MAKESHIFT RAINWATER HARVESTING
METHODOLOGY Built RWH systems --- funded by Deakin University and West Java Province: 2 individual (household A and B) 1 communal (households C) Recorded: Building cost Water consumption compared to minimum water requirement standards 20 lpcpd for WHO basic access (Howard & Bartram, 2003) 50 lpcpd for fundamental human right (Gleick, 1996). Water quality compared to Ministry of Health Standard: Permenkes 492/2010 for drinking water standards Permenkes 416/1990 for clean water standards.
CONSTRUCTION PHASE Household C Household B
Assessment of rainwater harvesting as an alternative water source for rural Indonesia
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
HOUSEHOLD A BUILDING COST Descriptions Locations Household A Water tank capacity (litre) 1,050 Construction time (day) 1 Number of connections (house) 1 Number of person supplied 5 Total installation cost IDR 3,563,000 (USD 258) Water tank IDR 1,550,000 Other material IDR 1,793,000 Labour IDR 220,000
HOUSEHOLD B BUILDING COST Descriptions Locations Household B Water tank capacity (litre) 1,050 Construction time (day) 2 Number of connections (house) 1 Number of person supplied 6 Total installation cost 6,039,000 (USD 438) Water tank IDR 1,550,000 Other material IDR 4,049,000 Labour IDR440,000
HOUSEHOLD C BUILDING COST Descriptions Locations Household C Water tank capacity (litre) 10,200 Construction time (day) 7 Number of connections (house) 5 Number of person supplied 13 Total installation cost 28,977,500 (USD 2,100) Water tank IDR 14,850,000 Other material IDR 11,607,500 Labour IDR 2,520,000
HOUSEHOLD A WATER CONSUMPTION 0 10 20 30 40 50 Before Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Waterconsumption(lpcpd) Time RWH Buy/fetc h BEFORE AFTER 21.6 litre 23.4 litre Total water consumption per capita per day Collected rainwater can supply 19.7 lpcpd for the whole year
HOUSEHOLD B WATER CONSUMPTION 0 10 20 30 40 50 Before Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Waterconsumption(lpcpd) Time RWH Buy/fetch Refilled Basic needs BEFORE AFTER 23.1 litre 24.9 litre Total water consumption per capita per day Collected rainwater can supply 21 lpcpd for the whole year
HOUSEHOLD C (COMMUNAL SYSTEM) WATER CONSUMPTION 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Before Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Waterconsumption(lpcpd) Time RWH Buy/fetch BEFORE AFTER 25.4 litre 52.9 litre Total water consumption per capita per day Collected rainwater can supply 49.8 lpcpd for the whole year
WATER QUALITY Rainy season Dry season Household A Faecal coliform Colour pH Organic compounds Total coliform NO2 Household B Faecal coliform Colour Fe Total coliform pH Household C Faecal coliform Colour Fe Mn Total coliform pH Non complying result of water quality monitoring for drinking water standards Some households boiled water for drinking
CONCLUSION RWH system performances are not worse than other water sources: Water consumption for basic requirements for the whole year can be fulfilled with monthly demand management. Water quality was not too different from water distributed by PDAM or CBWS. Water can be boiled for drinking. Capital cost to build RWH system is expensive, that we suggest government subsidy for building RWH system at household level. The communal system is more expensive than the individual system, but its per unit cost is lower, and it can provide more per capita water.
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Assessment of rainwater harvesting as an alternative water source for rural Indonesia

  • 1. ASSESSMENT OF RAINWATER HARVESTING AS AN ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCE FOR RURAL R A KOESOEMO ROEKMI LLOYD HC CHUA K BASKARAN SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEAKIN UNIVERSITY
  • 2. INTRODUCTION Rainwater harvesting is a good water source alternative for tropical countries ----- INDONESIA ---- -- M D G F A C T S Access to improved drinking water source 76 % (1990 ) 91 % (2015 ) Global population 3/4 Got Piped water 844 million people without access to basic drinking water sources S D G F A C T S TARGET 6.A By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity- building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
  • 3. RAINWATER HARVESTING IN INDONESIA Annual rainfall of about 2,000 - 3,500 mm in most of the country Only 2.4% households use RWH as drinking water source Mostly in West Kalimantan by 40.7% households RWH FACTS People think RWH would not be reliable for whole year supply Rainwater quality is poorer than other water sources Installing RWH is expensive Needs big space for rainwater tank BARRIERS FOR RWH IMPLEMENTATION
  • 4. OBJECTIVES To identify the sustainability of RWH systems based on: Building cost Reliability to supply water for the whole year Water quality.
  • 5. STUDY SITE KAMPUNG CIMAHI, BEKASI, WEST JAVA RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 2015 WATER SOURCES
  • 7. METHODOLOGY Built RWH systems --- funded by Deakin University and West Java Province: 2 individual (household A and B) 1 communal (households C) Recorded: Building cost Water consumption compared to minimum water requirement standards 20 lpcpd for WHO basic access (Howard & Bartram, 2003) 50 lpcpd for fundamental human right (Gleick, 1996). Water quality compared to Ministry of Health Standard: Permenkes 492/2010 for drinking water standards Permenkes 416/1990 for clean water standards.
  • 11. HOUSEHOLD A BUILDING COST Descriptions Locations Household A Water tank capacity (litre) 1,050 Construction time (day) 1 Number of connections (house) 1 Number of person supplied 5 Total installation cost IDR 3,563,000 (USD 258) Water tank IDR 1,550,000 Other material IDR 1,793,000 Labour IDR 220,000
  • 12. HOUSEHOLD B BUILDING COST Descriptions Locations Household B Water tank capacity (litre) 1,050 Construction time (day) 2 Number of connections (house) 1 Number of person supplied 6 Total installation cost 6,039,000 (USD 438) Water tank IDR 1,550,000 Other material IDR 4,049,000 Labour IDR440,000
  • 13. HOUSEHOLD C BUILDING COST Descriptions Locations Household C Water tank capacity (litre) 10,200 Construction time (day) 7 Number of connections (house) 5 Number of person supplied 13 Total installation cost 28,977,500 (USD 2,100) Water tank IDR 14,850,000 Other material IDR 11,607,500 Labour IDR 2,520,000
  • 14. HOUSEHOLD A WATER CONSUMPTION 0 10 20 30 40 50 Before Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Waterconsumption(lpcpd) Time RWH Buy/fetc h BEFORE AFTER 21.6 litre 23.4 litre Total water consumption per capita per day Collected rainwater can supply 19.7 lpcpd for the whole year
  • 15. HOUSEHOLD B WATER CONSUMPTION 0 10 20 30 40 50 Before Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Waterconsumption(lpcpd) Time RWH Buy/fetch Refilled Basic needs BEFORE AFTER 23.1 litre 24.9 litre Total water consumption per capita per day Collected rainwater can supply 21 lpcpd for the whole year
  • 16. HOUSEHOLD C (COMMUNAL SYSTEM) WATER CONSUMPTION 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Before Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Waterconsumption(lpcpd) Time RWH Buy/fetch BEFORE AFTER 25.4 litre 52.9 litre Total water consumption per capita per day Collected rainwater can supply 49.8 lpcpd for the whole year
  • 17. WATER QUALITY Rainy season Dry season Household A Faecal coliform Colour pH Organic compounds Total coliform NO2 Household B Faecal coliform Colour Fe Total coliform pH Household C Faecal coliform Colour Fe Mn Total coliform pH Non complying result of water quality monitoring for drinking water standards Some households boiled water for drinking
  • 18. CONCLUSION RWH system performances are not worse than other water sources: Water consumption for basic requirements for the whole year can be fulfilled with monthly demand management. Water quality was not too different from water distributed by PDAM or CBWS. Water can be boiled for drinking. Capital cost to build RWH system is expensive, that we suggest government subsidy for building RWH system at household level. The communal system is more expensive than the individual system, but its per unit cost is lower, and it can provide more per capita water.