ݺߣ

ݺߣShare a Scribd company logo

Forbis presentation

•Download as PPTX, PDF•
•
Lauren Hughs
Lauren Hughs

The document discusses inconsistencies in international and domestic policies related to human trafficking. It provides historical context on anti-slavery efforts and describes key policies and definitions. There is no universally agreed upon definition, and policies vary between focusing on sex trafficking versus labor trafficking. Enforcement also differs between domestic versus foreign nationals. While policies have aimed to combat trafficking, loopholes and lack of coordination limit their effectiveness at ending the practice. The author argues for a faith-based approach that unites government and religious organizations to ultimately abolish human trafficking.

1 of 17
Download to read offline
CONSISTENT INCONSISTENCIES: THE SHAKY GROUND OF INTERNATIONAL SEX TRAFFICKING POLICY Lauren Hughs
PERSPECTIVE January 1, 1863- 3.1 million slaves of 4 million total freed due to Emancipation Proclamation,
PERSPECTIVE January 1, 1863- 3.1 million slaves of 4 million total freed due to Emancipation Proclamation, 2000– Palermo Protocol signed in the UN. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act signed by President Bill Clinton.
PERSPECTIVE January 1, 1863- 3.1 million slaves of 4 million total freed due to Emancipation Proclamation, 2000– Palermo Protocol signed in the UN. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act signed by President Bill Clinton. Today: 27 million people enslaved in the world—more than the entire trans-Atlantic slave trade.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING VS. SEX TRAFFICKING 82% of all cases investigated in the US between 2008 and 2010 were sex trafficking.  Federal agencies were more likely to lead labor trafficking investigations (29%) than sex trafficking investigations (7%). (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011)
WHAT DOES HUMAN TRAFFICKING LOOK LIKE? Human Trafficking Globally Traffickers largely part of Organized Crime Victims are often sold, kidnapped, born into human trafficking Domestically Victims are mostly runaways Traffickers largely part of organized crime
POLICY ACTORS Human Traffickin g Evangelica ls Human Rights activist s Opponent s of Organize d Crime Abolitionist s Legal experts Law enforceme nt Victims protection advocates Proponents of Immigration Reform Opponents of immigratio n Labor advocates Proponents of Legalizing prostitution
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL– PALERMO PROTOCOL Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs; Trafficking in persons‘ shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. (Palermo Protocol, 2000)
GOOD AND THE BAD First time international legislation had ever been created The vast majority of countries signed the protocol. Not a binding resolution No punitive measures for countries who did not comply with protocol Office of Drugs and Crime rather than Human Rights Council
TVPA DEFINITION The term ‗‗sex trafficking‘‘ means the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of commercial sex act.‖ The term ‗‗severe forms of trafficking in persons‘‘ means—(A) sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age; or (B) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. (TVPA, 2000)
TVPA DEFINITION The term ‗‗sex trafficking‘‘ means the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provisio n, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of COMMERCIAL sex act.‖ The term ‗‗SEVERE forms of trafficking in persons‘‘ means—(A) sex trafficking in which a COMMERCIAL sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age; or (B) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. (TVPA, 2000)
TVPA--DOMESTIC Severe Forms of Sex Trafficking (Forced Prostitution) Sex Trafficking victims (movement into prostitution) Severe forms of trafficking (forced, fraud, or coercion) Federal Crime Benefits for Victims, Services Administered through NGOs No Benefits or Services Not a Federal Crime
TVPA-- FOREIGN  Tier System  Tier 1-exceeds minimum standards  Tier 2-meets minimum standards  Tier 2 Watch list- does not meet minimum standards, subject to sanctions. BUT…has the ability to reach minimum standards or show they are on their way to meeting minimum standards.  Tier 3- Does not meet minimum standards, subject to sanctions.
Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 2 Watch list Tier 3 Full Democracies Australia Finland United Kingdom Denmark United States Germany Spain New Zealand Sweden Iceland Norway Canada Czech Republic Finland Netherlands Luxembourg Ireland Austria South Korea Belgium Mauritius Japan Switzerland Malta Uruguay Costa Rica Flawed Democracies Colombia Italy Israel Macedonia Poland Slovakia Slovenia Taiwan Croatia France Argentina India Indonesia Mexico Montenegro Paraguay Peru Philippines Portugal Romania Serbia South Africa Sri Lanka Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Chile Estonia Jamaica Malaysia Thailand Papua New Guinea Hybrid Regimes Georgia Nicaragua Mozambique Nepal Pakistan Tanzania Turkey Uganda Ukraine Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Cambodia Ethiopia Venezuela Singapore Iraq Kenya Malawi Niger Senegal Ecuador Authoritarian Regimes Laos Morocco Nigeria Rwanda Swaziland Vietnam Burma (Myanmar) China Russia Sierra Leone Chad Belarus* Republic of the Congo*^ Cuba* Yemen* Iran*+ Zimbabwe* North Korea*+ Dem. Rep. of Congo Madagascar Equatorial Guinea Saudi Arabia Kuwait Eritrea Sudan Syria* Libya Algeria Central African Rep.
STATES Utah does not require proof of force, fraud, or coercion Wisconsin recognizes indentured servitude more distinctly New Jersey separates its definition from the national definition, by eliminating distinction of ―severe‖ forms of trafficking All seek to give law enforcement greater power in the prosecution of human trafficking crimes.
WHAT IS… VS. WHAT CAN BE. Palermo Protocol TVPA Human trafficking continuing State Laws Palermo Protocol TVPA End of human trafficking. State Laws
WHY??  As great as non-profits or Christian ministries are at trying to solve this problem, the reality is, until you cut off the head of the snake, there can‘t be an end. We can pull victim‘s out of that hell, but it doesn‘t stop human trafficking.  So what if we as the Church inserted our agenda into a policy agenda that could end this horrible evil??  That‘s my passion. To proclaim release for captives, by not excluding God from the discussion, but inserting Him and forcing the Church and governments to work together for the end of human trafficking.

More Related Content

Forbis presentation

  • 1. CONSISTENT INCONSISTENCIES: THE SHAKY GROUND OF INTERNATIONAL SEX TRAFFICKING POLICY Lauren Hughs
  • 2. PERSPECTIVE January 1, 1863- 3.1 million slaves of 4 million total freed due to Emancipation Proclamation,
  • 3. PERSPECTIVE January 1, 1863- 3.1 million slaves of 4 million total freed due to Emancipation Proclamation, 2000– Palermo Protocol signed in the UN. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act signed by President Bill Clinton.
  • 4. PERSPECTIVE January 1, 1863- 3.1 million slaves of 4 million total freed due to Emancipation Proclamation, 2000– Palermo Protocol signed in the UN. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act signed by President Bill Clinton. Today: 27 million people enslaved in the world—more than the entire trans-Atlantic slave trade.
  • 5. HUMAN TRAFFICKING VS. SEX TRAFFICKING 82% of all cases investigated in the US between 2008 and 2010 were sex trafficking.  Federal agencies were more likely to lead labor trafficking investigations (29%) than sex trafficking investigations (7%). (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011)
  • 6. WHAT DOES HUMAN TRAFFICKING LOOK LIKE? Human Trafficking Globally Traffickers largely part of Organized Crime Victims are often sold, kidnapped, born into human trafficking Domestically Victims are mostly runaways Traffickers largely part of organized crime
  • 7. POLICY ACTORS Human Traffickin g Evangelica ls Human Rights activist s Opponent s of Organize d Crime Abolitionist s Legal experts Law enforceme nt Victims protection advocates Proponents of Immigration Reform Opponents of immigratio n Labor advocates Proponents of Legalizing prostitution
  • 8. INTERNATIONAL LEVEL– PALERMO PROTOCOL Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs; Trafficking in persons‘ shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. (Palermo Protocol, 2000)
  • 9. GOOD AND THE BAD First time international legislation had ever been created The vast majority of countries signed the protocol. Not a binding resolution No punitive measures for countries who did not comply with protocol Office of Drugs and Crime rather than Human Rights Council
  • 10. TVPA DEFINITION The term ‗‗sex trafficking‘‘ means the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of commercial sex act.‖ The term ‗‗severe forms of trafficking in persons‘‘ means—(A) sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age; or (B) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. (TVPA, 2000)
  • 11. TVPA DEFINITION The term ‗‗sex trafficking‘‘ means the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provisio n, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of COMMERCIAL sex act.‖ The term ‗‗SEVERE forms of trafficking in persons‘‘ means—(A) sex trafficking in which a COMMERCIAL sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age; or (B) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. (TVPA, 2000)
  • 12. TVPA--DOMESTIC Severe Forms of Sex Trafficking (Forced Prostitution) Sex Trafficking victims (movement into prostitution) Severe forms of trafficking (forced, fraud, or coercion) Federal Crime Benefits for Victims, Services Administered through NGOs No Benefits or Services Not a Federal Crime
  • 13. TVPA-- FOREIGN  Tier System  Tier 1-exceeds minimum standards  Tier 2-meets minimum standards  Tier 2 Watch list- does not meet minimum standards, subject to sanctions. BUT…has the ability to reach minimum standards or show they are on their way to meeting minimum standards.  Tier 3- Does not meet minimum standards, subject to sanctions.
  • 14. Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 2 Watch list Tier 3 Full Democracies Australia Finland United Kingdom Denmark United States Germany Spain New Zealand Sweden Iceland Norway Canada Czech Republic Finland Netherlands Luxembourg Ireland Austria South Korea Belgium Mauritius Japan Switzerland Malta Uruguay Costa Rica Flawed Democracies Colombia Italy Israel Macedonia Poland Slovakia Slovenia Taiwan Croatia France Argentina India Indonesia Mexico Montenegro Paraguay Peru Philippines Portugal Romania Serbia South Africa Sri Lanka Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Chile Estonia Jamaica Malaysia Thailand Papua New Guinea Hybrid Regimes Georgia Nicaragua Mozambique Nepal Pakistan Tanzania Turkey Uganda Ukraine Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Cambodia Ethiopia Venezuela Singapore Iraq Kenya Malawi Niger Senegal Ecuador Authoritarian Regimes Laos Morocco Nigeria Rwanda Swaziland Vietnam Burma (Myanmar) China Russia Sierra Leone Chad Belarus* Republic of the Congo*^ Cuba* Yemen* Iran*+ Zimbabwe* North Korea*+ Dem. Rep. of Congo Madagascar Equatorial Guinea Saudi Arabia Kuwait Eritrea Sudan Syria* Libya Algeria Central African Rep.
  • 15. STATES Utah does not require proof of force, fraud, or coercion Wisconsin recognizes indentured servitude more distinctly New Jersey separates its definition from the national definition, by eliminating distinction of ―severe‖ forms of trafficking All seek to give law enforcement greater power in the prosecution of human trafficking crimes.
  • 16. WHAT IS… VS. WHAT CAN BE. Palermo Protocol TVPA Human trafficking continuing State Laws Palermo Protocol TVPA End of human trafficking. State Laws
  • 17. WHY??  As great as non-profits or Christian ministries are at trying to solve this problem, the reality is, until you cut off the head of the snake, there can‘t be an end. We can pull victim‘s out of that hell, but it doesn‘t stop human trafficking.  So what if we as the Church inserted our agenda into a policy agenda that could end this horrible evil??  That‘s my passion. To proclaim release for captives, by not excluding God from the discussion, but inserting Him and forcing the Church and governments to work together for the end of human trafficking.

Editor's Notes

  • #3: Palermo Protocol was intended to cause nations to pass legislation that would create laws to combat human trafficking. Countries who agreed, agreed to make a concerted effort to bring about the end of human trafficking through law enforcement. Moreover, victims’ protection was key as was the free flow of information amongst member nations. TVPA-was set up in a similar format. However, TVPA set up budget, task forces, legal standards etc.
  • #6: So in short, despite the amount of effort put forth on cases, the majority of cases investigated are labor so, human trafficking=sex trafficking.
  • #11: SEVERE is the key. Prosecution based on this alone is lacking. Moreover, in sex trafficking, the purposes have to be for commercial purposes.
  • #14: Minimum standards—1) The government of the country should prohibit severe forms of trafficking inpersons and punish acts of such trafficking.(2) For the knowing commission of any act of sex trafficking involving force,fraud, coercion, or in which the victim of sex trafficking is a child incapable of givingmeaningful consent, or of trafficking which includes rape or kidnapping or which causesa death, the government of the country should prescribe punishment commensurate withthat for grave crimes, such as forcible sexual assault.(3) For the knowing commission of any act of a severe form of trafficking inpersons, the government of the country should prescribe punishment that issufficiently stringent to deter and that adequately reflects the heinous nature of theoffense.(4) The government of the country should make serious and sustained efforts to eliminate severe forms of human trafficking.
  • #15: electoral process and pluralism, civil liberties, the functioning of government,political participation, and political culture