This document provides a summary of fighter aircraft avionics and flight instruments. It discusses the basic variables that represent the thermodynamic state of air including density, temperature, and pressure. It then describes key flight instruments such as the altimeter, airspeed indicator, and how the air data computer uses total and static pressure and temperature readings to calculate important flight parameters. The roles of the pitot-static system and various gyroscopic and magnetic instruments are also summarized.
Computational Analysis of the Aerodynamic Performance of NACA 4412 and NACA 2...IRJET Journal
油
This document discusses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the aerodynamic performance of the NACA 4412 and NACA 23012 airfoils. It provides background on airfoils, the NACA airfoil series, and the computational simulation methodology. The results show that the lift coefficient increases with angle of attack up to a point for both airfoils, but then decreases due to flow separation. The drag coefficient also increases with angle of attack, rising more sharply past a certain point. The NACA 4412 produces a consistently higher lift coefficient at each angle of attack compared to the NACA 23012. The critical angle of attack was observed to be 18属 for the NACA 23012 and 17属
This document contains 23 multiple choice questions that test knowledge of principles of flight. Some key topics covered include aerodynamic forces and stability, aircraft performance, propeller parameters, and effects of center of gravity position. Correct answers are provided for each question to assess understanding of fundamental aerodynamics and flight dynamics concepts.
Human Factors affecting performance in Aviation. Covers the factors which affect human performance, the causes and consequences, and how to combat factors. Also covers how factors propagate into accidents,
lift augmentation devices for education purpose to understand and how its work to avoid the boundary layer separation
thanks to royal air force and air cadets the next generation
It is a system where liquid under pressure is used to transmit this energy. Hydraulics systems take engine power and converts it to hydraulic power by means of a hydraulic pump. This power can be distributed throughout the airplane by means of tubing that runs through the aircraft. Hydraulic power may be reconverted to mechanical power by means of an actuating cylinder, or turbine.
Turbofan motorlar, turbojet motorlar脹n y端ksek h脹z ve y端kseklik kabiliyeti ile turboprop motorun 巽al脹ma verimi ve y端ksek tepki kabiliyetini birletirebilen 旦zelliklere sahiptir.
Hands on experience with aircraft major components on aircraft and to identif...Mayank Gupta
油
This document provides information on the major components of an aircraft and their locations. It describes the fuselage as the main structural part that carries the maximum load and includes the passenger cabin or cockpit. It also outlines the cockpit location in the front area, wings attached to both sides of the fuselage to generate lift, control surfaces used to control rolling, pitching, and yawing, the power plant such as engines mounted below or attached to the lower fuselage, the empennage or tail section, and the landing gears that support the aircraft when on the ground.
To determine if a helicopter is within weight limits, a pilot must calculate the basic empty weight and consider the weight of the crew, passengers, cargo, fuel, and helicopter structure. The maximum gross weight and center of gravity range must also be checked to ensure structural integrity and safe handling. Improper loading that shifts the center of gravity outside the allowable range could cause stability and control issues. Accurate weight and balance calculations are important for safety.
This document discusses aircraft oil systems. It describes how to check oil levels and temperatures during flight. High or low oil temperatures could indicate issues like blocked lines or improper viscosity. Wet sump systems store oil in a sump integrated into the engine, while dry sump systems store oil externally and use pumps. Pilots should monitor oil pressure and temperature gauges during operation to ensure the system is functioning properly. Proper lubrication and cooling of engine parts is critical.
The document provides information on the Boeing 737 NG fuel system. It describes the three fuel tanks, their capacities and fuel quantity indicators. It outlines the fuel pumps, valves and controls. It notes limitations on fuel temperature, imbalance and loading. Procedures for refueling, defueling and cross-feeding fuel between tanks are summarized.
FM-Basics Topics Wise Solutions | Q & A | Flight Mechanics | GATE AerospaceAge of Aerospace
油
For Video Lecture of this presentation: https://youtu.be/XNsIdHUx7q8
The topics covered in this session are, Airplane (fixed wing aircraft) configurations and various parts of airplane. A detailed list of airplane configuration is discussed with general insight about airplane parts.
Attention! "Gate Aerospace Engineering aspirants", A virtual guide for gate aerospace engineering is provided in "Age of Aerospace" blog for helping you meticulously prepare for gate examination. Respective notes of individual subjects are provided as 'Embedded Google Docs' which are frequently updated. This comprehensive guide is intended to efficiently serve as an extensive collection of online resources for "GATE Aerospace Engineering" which can be accessed free of cost. Use the following link to access the study material
https://ageofaerospace.blogspot.com/p/gate-aerospace.html
A gyroscope, not to be confused with gyrocompass, is a spinning wheel mounted on gimbal so that the wheel's axis is free to orient itself in any way. When it is spun up to speed with its axis pointing in some direction, due to the law of conservation of angular momentum, such a wheel will normally maintain its original orientation to a fixed point in outer space (not to a fixed point on Earth).
Here you will find everything that you need to know about Aviation Charts right from their history, evolution and the type of charts that we use today.
The presentation discusses the four main flight forces - lift, drag, weight, and thrust - and their origins. Lift is caused by air movement and pressure and allows the plane to rise. Drag is the air resistance opposing the plane's motion. Weight is the force pulling the plane downward and thrust provides the forward force to overcome drag. Each force acts through specific points on the plane like the center of pressure or center of gravity, and the interaction of these forces and points is important for stable flight.
This document contains 23 multiple choice questions that test knowledge of principles of flight. Some key topics covered include aerodynamic forces and stability, aircraft performance, propeller parameters, and effects of center of gravity position. Correct answers are provided for each question to assess understanding of fundamental aerodynamics and flight dynamics concepts.
Human Factors affecting performance in Aviation. Covers the factors which affect human performance, the causes and consequences, and how to combat factors. Also covers how factors propagate into accidents,
lift augmentation devices for education purpose to understand and how its work to avoid the boundary layer separation
thanks to royal air force and air cadets the next generation
It is a system where liquid under pressure is used to transmit this energy. Hydraulics systems take engine power and converts it to hydraulic power by means of a hydraulic pump. This power can be distributed throughout the airplane by means of tubing that runs through the aircraft. Hydraulic power may be reconverted to mechanical power by means of an actuating cylinder, or turbine.
Turbofan motorlar, turbojet motorlar脹n y端ksek h脹z ve y端kseklik kabiliyeti ile turboprop motorun 巽al脹ma verimi ve y端ksek tepki kabiliyetini birletirebilen 旦zelliklere sahiptir.
Hands on experience with aircraft major components on aircraft and to identif...Mayank Gupta
油
This document provides information on the major components of an aircraft and their locations. It describes the fuselage as the main structural part that carries the maximum load and includes the passenger cabin or cockpit. It also outlines the cockpit location in the front area, wings attached to both sides of the fuselage to generate lift, control surfaces used to control rolling, pitching, and yawing, the power plant such as engines mounted below or attached to the lower fuselage, the empennage or tail section, and the landing gears that support the aircraft when on the ground.
To determine if a helicopter is within weight limits, a pilot must calculate the basic empty weight and consider the weight of the crew, passengers, cargo, fuel, and helicopter structure. The maximum gross weight and center of gravity range must also be checked to ensure structural integrity and safe handling. Improper loading that shifts the center of gravity outside the allowable range could cause stability and control issues. Accurate weight and balance calculations are important for safety.
This document discusses aircraft oil systems. It describes how to check oil levels and temperatures during flight. High or low oil temperatures could indicate issues like blocked lines or improper viscosity. Wet sump systems store oil in a sump integrated into the engine, while dry sump systems store oil externally and use pumps. Pilots should monitor oil pressure and temperature gauges during operation to ensure the system is functioning properly. Proper lubrication and cooling of engine parts is critical.
The document provides information on the Boeing 737 NG fuel system. It describes the three fuel tanks, their capacities and fuel quantity indicators. It outlines the fuel pumps, valves and controls. It notes limitations on fuel temperature, imbalance and loading. Procedures for refueling, defueling and cross-feeding fuel between tanks are summarized.
FM-Basics Topics Wise Solutions | Q & A | Flight Mechanics | GATE AerospaceAge of Aerospace
油
For Video Lecture of this presentation: https://youtu.be/XNsIdHUx7q8
The topics covered in this session are, Airplane (fixed wing aircraft) configurations and various parts of airplane. A detailed list of airplane configuration is discussed with general insight about airplane parts.
Attention! "Gate Aerospace Engineering aspirants", A virtual guide for gate aerospace engineering is provided in "Age of Aerospace" blog for helping you meticulously prepare for gate examination. Respective notes of individual subjects are provided as 'Embedded Google Docs' which are frequently updated. This comprehensive guide is intended to efficiently serve as an extensive collection of online resources for "GATE Aerospace Engineering" which can be accessed free of cost. Use the following link to access the study material
https://ageofaerospace.blogspot.com/p/gate-aerospace.html
A gyroscope, not to be confused with gyrocompass, is a spinning wheel mounted on gimbal so that the wheel's axis is free to orient itself in any way. When it is spun up to speed with its axis pointing in some direction, due to the law of conservation of angular momentum, such a wheel will normally maintain its original orientation to a fixed point in outer space (not to a fixed point on Earth).
Here you will find everything that you need to know about Aviation Charts right from their history, evolution and the type of charts that we use today.
The presentation discusses the four main flight forces - lift, drag, weight, and thrust - and their origins. Lift is caused by air movement and pressure and allows the plane to rise. Drag is the air resistance opposing the plane's motion. Weight is the force pulling the plane downward and thrust provides the forward force to overcome drag. Each force acts through specific points on the plane like the center of pressure or center of gravity, and the interaction of these forces and points is important for stable flight.
1. 402
090 Haberleme
聴巽indekiler
BLM 1 : Telsiz Konuma Usulleri
BLM 2 : Meydan脹 Terk Edi Usulleri
BLM 3 : Yol Boyu Prosed端rler
BLM 4 : Var脹 ve Trafik Patern Usulleri
BLM 5 : Telsiz Ar脹zas脹
BLM 6 : Emercensi Usuller
2. 403
BLM 01
1.0 Telsiz Konuma Usulleri
1.1 Mikrofon Teknii
Telsiz Mikrofonu kullan脹rken mikrofona yak脹n konuulur. Mikrofona konuurken
ba saa sola 巽evrilmez ve aradaki mesafe deitirilmez. Mikrofona 巽ok yak脹n
konumak, dudaklara dokundurarak konumak, mikrofonun ses almac脹
k脹sm脹ndan tutarak konumak, mesaj脹n anla脹lamamas脹na ve sesin
bozulmas脹na neden olur.
1.2 Fonetik Alfabe
Standart alfabe de, her harfin, fonetik telaffuzu vard脹r. Konumac脹n脹n lisan脹 ne olursa olsun fonetik sesler ayn脹
olmal脹d脹r. Teknik konumalarda, 旦zel isim kullan脹mlar脹nda, hizmet k脹saltmalar脹nda kelimenin anlam脹 a巽脹k巽a
anla脹lamayacaksa fonetik alfabe ile hecelenir. Fonetik alfabe ekil 1.1 de g旦sterilmitir.
ekil 1.1 Fonetik Alfabe
1.3 聴stasyon U巽ak ar脹 Adlar脹, K脹saltmalar
1.3.1 Havac脹l脹k 聴stasyonlar脹
Havac脹l脹k istasyonlar脹n脹n 巽ar脹 adlar脹 iki par巽adan oluur.
i) Yer ad脹,
ii) Sonek olarak 端nite yada servis ad脹.
rnek olarak: 聴zmir Radar veya Antalya Kule gibi.
3. 404
Aa脹daki listede, sonekler, salanan servis veya 端nite tipine g旦re belirtilmitir.
UN聴TE VEYA H聴ZMET ARI ADI SONEK聴
Area Control Center CONTROL
Radar RADAR
Approach Control APPROACH
Approach Control Radar Arrivals ARRIVAL
Approach Control Radar Departures DEPARTURES
Aerodrome Control TOWER
Surface Movement Control GROUND
Precision Approach Radar PRECISION
Flight Information Service INFORMATION
Apron Control APRON
Company Dispatch DISPATCH
聴lgili istasyon yada hizmet birimi ile kesintisiz iletiim saland脹脹nda, 巽ar脹 ad脹n脹n soneki s旦ylenmeyebilir.
1.3.2 聴lk Temas
聴lk temaslarda, 巽ar脹 yap脹lan istasyonun ve 巽ar脹 yapan istasyonun 巽ar脹 adlar脹, k脹salt脹lmadan tam olarak
s旦ylenir.
1.3.3 U巽aklar脹n Tam ar脹 Ad脹
Bir u巽a脹n 巽ar脹 ad脹 aa脹da belirtilen tiplerde kullan脹lmal脹d脹r.
1. Tip I Tescil 聴aretiyle - TC-DBA
2. Tip II 聴leten Operat旦r art脹 son d旦rt karakter T端rk Kuu DBAY
3. Tip III 聴leten Operat旦r art脹 u巽u numaras脹 T端rk Hava Yollar脹 957
1.3.4 K脹salt脹lm脹 U巽ak ar脹 Ad脹
Sadece Hava Trafik Kontrol ilk 巽ar脹da k脹salt脹lm脹 u巽ak 巽ar脹 ad脹n脹 kullanabilir. Daha sonra pilotlar k脹salt脹lm脹
巽ar脹 ad脹n脹 kullan脹rlar. Fakat istasyon deitirildiinde mutlaka tam 巽ar脹 kullan脹l脹r. ar脹 adlar脹 aa脹daki ekilde
k脹salt脹l脹r.
1. Tip I Birinci karakter art脹 son iki karakter TC-DBA ----> T-BA
2. Tip II 聴leten Operat旦r art脹 son iki karakter T端rk Kuu DBAY ----> T端rk Kuu AY
3. Tip III K脹salt脹lm脹 ekli yoktur.
4. 405
1.4 Konuma Teknii
Telsiz konumalar脹; normal konuma tonuyla, a巽脹k ve her kelime anla脹l脹r kesinlikte yap脹l脹r. Konuma iddeti
sabit seviyede olmal脹d脹r. Konuma butonuna, konumaya balamadan 旦nce bas脹l脹r, konumay脹 bitirinceye kadar
b脹rak脹lmaz. En s脹k yap脹lan hata, konumay脹 bitirmeden butonu b脹rakmakt脹r.
Doru konuma h脹z脹 dakikada 100 kelimedir. Fakat herhangi yaz脹lmas脹 gereken bir bilgi aktar脹m脹nda, daha
yava konuulmal脹d脹r. Konumalarda teredd端t ve duraksamalardan ka巽脹nmak gerekir. Baz脹 genel ve s脹k
kullan脹lan anla脹l脹r k脹saltmalar脹n, hecelenmesine gerek yoktur. (ILS, VOR, NDB, GPS gibi)
Eer telsiz konumas脹 uzun bir mesaj i巽eriyorsa, konumaya ara s脹ra boluk vermek gerekir. Bu, frekans脹n hala
bo olup olmad脹脹n脹, mesaj脹m脹z脹n anla脹lmayan b旦l端mlerinin, tekrarlanmas脹 gerekip gerekmediini kontrol
etmemizi salar.
1.5 Standart Kelime ve Deyimlerin Kullan脹m脹
KEL聴ME / FREYZ ANLAMI
Acknowlage Mesaj脹n al脹n脹p anla脹ld脹脹n脹 bildiriniz.
Affirm Mutab脹k脹z, ayn脹 fikirdeyiz.
Approved 聴stenen m端saadenin onaylanmas脹
Break Mesaj脹n b旦l端mleri aras脹nda kesin ay脹r脹m yoksa kullan脹l脹r.
Break Break Youn trafikte dier u巽aa mesaj iletmek i巽in kullan脹l脹r.
Cancel nceki m端saadenin iptali.
Check Sistem yada uygulaman脹n kontrol端.
Cleared Serbest k脹lmak.
Confirm Mutab脹km脹y脹z, ayn脹 fikirdemiyiz.
Correct Doru, pozitif.
Contact Temas salanmas脹.(Radyo, Radar gibi)
Correction Mesajda yap脹lan hatay脹 d端zeltmek i巽in kullan脹l脹r.
Disregard Mesaj脹n g旦nderilmediini g旦z 旦n端ne almak.
Go ahead Devam ediniz.
How do you read? Beni ka巽 kuvvetinde duyuyorsun?
I say again Tekrar ediyorum.
Monitor Dinlemede kal脹n脹z.(Frekansta)
Negative Doru deil, hay脹r.
Out Mesaj al脹verii sona erdi. Cevap beklenmiyor.
Over Benim mesaj脹m sona erdi. Cevap bekliyorum.
Read back Mesaj脹n t端m端n端 yada 旦zel k脹s脹mlar脹n脹, eksiksiz, ald脹脹n ekilde tekrar et.
Report Rapor vermek, sonraki bilgileri iletmek.
Request Talep etmek.
Roger Anla脹ld脹.
Say again Tekrar ediniz.
Speak slower Konuma h脹z脹n脹z脹 d端端r端n端z.
Standby Beklemede kal脹n脹z, arayaca脹m.
Verify Kontrol ediniz, kar脹lat脹r脹n脹z.
Wilco Mesaj脹n脹z脹 anlad脹m. Yerine getireceim.
5. 406
1.6 Dinleme
Telsizde konumaya balamadan 旦nce, al脹c脹 vol端m端n端n ayarl脹 olduu
kontrol edilir ve baka konumalar脹 kesme ihtimaline kar脹 frekans bir
s端re dinlenir.
1.7 Gerekli Tekrar Etme Talimatlar脹
1.7.1 Klerans脹n Tekrar脹
Bir klerans, bir rotan脹n ve u巽u seviyesinin veya standart alet t脹rman脹lar脹n脹n (SID) detayl脹 tan脹mlanmas脹 olabilir.
Bu durumda klerans, pilotun bilgileri yazabilmesi i巽in yava aktar脹lmal脹d脹r. Eer m端mk端nse klerans, pilotun
u巽aa manevra yapt脹r脹rken konsantrasyonunu bozmamak i巽in, motor 巽al脹t脹rmadan 旦nce verilmelidir. Bu durum
巽ok m端rettebatl脹 u巽aklarda problem olmaz.
1.7.2 Tekrar Edilen Mesajlar
Pilot taraf脹ndan tam olarak tekrar edilmesi gereken ATC mesajlar脹:
U巽u Seviyesi Talimatlar脹
U巽u Ba脹 Talimatlar脹
U巽u H脹z脹 Talimatlar脹
ATC Yol Kleranslar脹
Kullan脹lan Pist
Giri, 聴ni, Kalk脹, Geri taksi, Katedi, Piste giri i巽in yaklama kleranslar脹
SSR 巽al脹t脹rma talimatlar脹
VDF bilgileri
Frekans deiiklikleri
Radar Servis Tipleri
Altimetrik deerler
Eer gerekli mesajlar tekrar edilmez ise, kontrol旦rler, pilottan mesaj脹n tekrar edilmesini ister. Eer pilot mesaj脹
anlamam脹sa, tekrarlanmas脹n脹 isteyebilir. Kleranslar ve tekrar edilen mesajlar daima 巽ar脹 ad脹n脹 da kapsar. Bir
tekrar da s旦ylenecek son ey 巽ar脹 ad脹n脹zd脹r.
6. 407
BLM 02
2.0 Meydan脹 Terkedi Usulleri
2.1 Radyo Kontrolleri
U巽utan 旦nce, radyolar脹m脹z脹n al脹c脹 vericilerinin 巽al脹脹p 巽al脹mad脹脹ndan emin olmak en doru harekettir. Bunu
yapabilmek i巽in, her radyonun kontrol testinde takip edilen standart bir uygulama vard脹r. Bu derecelendirmenin
anlamlar脹 aa脹daki tablo 2.1 de belirtilmitir.
Duyma Derecesi Anlam脹
1
2
3
4
5
Anla脹lam脹yor
ok zor anla脹l脹yor.
Zor anla脹l脹yor.
Anla脹l脹yor.
ok iyi anla脹l脹yor.
Tablo 2.1
2.2 Taksi Talimatlar脹
Motor 巽al脹t脹rmadan 旦nce ATIS frekans脹ndan ATIS bilgileri dinlenir.
ATIS
Antalya Departure information Bravo at 08.30 Zulu. Wind 320 degrees 10 knots. QNH 1019, outside
temp. 32, dewpoint 25. Information Bravo.
Motor 巽al脹t脹rd脹ktan sonra, ground frekans脹ndan taksi m端saadesi istenir.
PILOT
Antalya Ground, TC-DKU, Radio check and request taxi for VFR to Isparta. Information Bravo
received QNH 1019.
ATC TKU Readability 4. Taxi to the holding point runway 36.
PILOT Holding point runway 36, TKU
7. 408
2.3 Yerde Bekleme
Taksi 旦ncesi kontrollerden sonra bekleme noktas脹na taksi.
PILOT TKU to tower. Out
Kule frekans脹nda.
PILOT Antalya Tower, TC-DKU, Ready for departure
ATC TKU standby.Hold your position.
PILOT Holding position, TKU
2.4 Kalk脹 Klerans脹
Kule frekans脹nda.
PILOT Antalya Tower, TC-DKU, Ready for departure
ATC TKU wind 350 10 knots. Clear take-off.
PILOT Clear take-off, TKU
8. 409
BLM 03
3.0 Yol Boyu Prosed端rler
3.1 Frekans Deitirme
Kalk脹tan sonra.
PILOT TKU Airborne. To approach
ATC TKU Roger.
Yaklama Kontrol frekans脹nda.
PILOT Antalya Approach, TC-DKU, Departing VFR to Isparta.
ATC TKU Roger Report passing 2500 feet.
2500 feeti ge巽erken.
PILOT TKU passing 2500 feet.
ATC TKU roger contact Antalya Radar 134.2
PILOT Antalya Radar 134.2 TKU.
9. 410
3.2 Pozisyon raporu verme
Antalya Radar frekans脹nda.
PILOT Antalya Radar, TC-DKU Request Radar Information Service
ATC TC-DKU Pass your message
PILOT
TC-DKU is a C 172 from Antalya, 5 miles NW of Antalya Heading 350 at 3000 feet QNH 1019
Routing to Isparta.
ATC TKU Roger Squawk 1514
PILOT Squawk 1514 TKU.
3.3 FIC
Antalya RIS (FIC)
ATC TKU identified, 8 miles North of Antalya, Traffic 12 oclock 5 miles closing rapidly.
PILOT Traffic not sighted Request avoiding action
ATC TKU Roger Turn right 080 degrees
PILOT Right 080 degrees TKU
3.4 Ba, Kerteriz
Radar Vekt旦r
PILOT TKU request vektors for Isparta
ATC TKU Roger turn left 330 degrees
PILOT Left 330 degrees TKU
10. 411
3.5 Sinyal Menzili
VHF radyonun sinyal menzili ilgili elektronik kitaplarda yer alan teoriye g旦re, VHF menzil, u巽a脹n feet cinsinden
y端ksekliinin karek旦k端n端n, 1,25 ile 巽arp脹m脹yla elde edilir. Kabaca, u巽u seviyesinin karek旦k端n端n 12 ile
巽arp脹lmas脹 sinyal menzilini verir.
11. 412
BLM 04
4.0 Var脹 ve Trafik Patern Usulleri
4.1 Yaklama Talimat脹
Var脹
ATC TKU 20 miles South Isparta Squawk 1500 Contact Isparta Approach 135.5
PILOT Squawk 1500 Isparta 135.5 TKU.
Trafie giri
PILOT Isparta Approach TC-DKU
ATC TC-DKU pass your message.
PILOT
TC-DKU is a C 172 from Antalya, 10 miles South at 3000 feet Inbound to you. Request joining
instructions.
ATC
TKU Join downwind runway 23 right hand circuit wind 240 degrees 10 knots QNH 1010 Report
airfield in sight.
PILOT Join downwind runway 23 right hand circuit QNH 1010 Wilco TKU.
Meydan脹 G旦r端.
PILOT TKU Airfield in sight.
ATC TKU Contact Tower 122.9
PILOT Tower 122.9 TKU.
12. 413
4.2 Meydan Turu
Kule Frekans脹nda
PILOT Isparta Tower TC-DKU request right base join for runway 23.
ATC TKU right base join approved Report final.
PILOT Wilco TKU
PILOT Join downwind runway 23 right hand circuit QNH 1010 Wilco TKU.
Son Yaklama
PILOT TKU Final to land
ATC TKU Continue
PILOT Continue TKU.
ATC TKU Clear to land wind 250 degrees 15 knots.
PILOT Clear to land TKU.
4.3 Pisti Terk Edi
Pist 端zeri
ATC TKU Expedite vacating runway
PILOT Wilco TKU
Pisti terk edince
PILOT Runway vacated TKU
ATC TKU Roger.
13. 414
BLM 05
5.0 Telsiz Ar脹zas脹
Bazen, nadiren de olsa u巽ak ile yer istasyonu aras脹nda telsiz temas脹 kaybolabilir. Telsiz sisteminin bir b旦l端m端,
yani al脹c脹 faal, verici G/F (veya tersi) olarak yada telsiz tamamen G/F olabilir. 聴letiim kayb脹na parazit veya yanl脹
frekans se巽imi de neden olabilir.
4.1 Hareket Tarz脹
Telsiz temas脹 kayb脹n脹n en bilinen nedenlerinden birisi genellikle parmak sorunudur. Bu nedenle 旦ncelikle
aa脹daki maddeler kontrol edilmelidir;
a) Doru frekans脹n se巽ildii ve ayarland脹脹,
b) Ses vol端m端n端n 巽ok d端端k ve squelch seviyesinin 巽ok y端ksek olmad脹脹,
c) Mikrofon / Kulakl脹k jak脹n脹n yerine tam oturduu,
d) Temas edilmek istenen havac脹l脹k istasyonunun 巽al脹ma saatleri,
e) Sinyal menzili.
Sizin yada dier istasyonun cihaz脹 G/F olabilir. Al脹c脹n脹z脹n G/F fakat vericinizin faal olma ihtimalide s旦z
konusudur. VMC ve VFR artlar alt脹ndaki u巽ularda, baz脹 u巽aklar, bir ATC hizmetine ihtiya巽 duymayaca脹
u巽ular脹 ger巽ekletirebilirler. Buna kar脹l脹k ATC hizmetine ihtiya巽 duyuluyorsa (聴ni i巽in trafik paternine girmek
gibi), aa脹daki genel usuller uygulanmal脹d脹r;
a) Dier bir frekanstan iletiim salamaya 巽al脹脹l脹r.
b) Eer bu frekanstan da temas salanamazsa, ilk temas frekans脹ndan mesaj ikier defa tekrar edilerek
巽ar脹ya devam edilir.
c) Eer al脹c脹n脹n G/F olduunu biliniyorsa, verilmesi gereken rapor veya pozisyon, planlanan zaman脹nda,
frekanstan kar脹l脹ks脹z olarak verilir.
Ayr脹ca, ATC ye durumu bildirmek i巽in SSR kodunu squawk 7600 balamal脹y脹z. Bu kod, radar ekran脹nda
kontrol旦rlere, telsiz ar脹zas脹 olduunu g旦sterir.
4.2 Hava Kurallar脹
ICAO konvansiyonu Annex 2 Hava Kurallar脹na g旦re, VMC artlardaki telsiz ar脹zal脹 bir u巽ak u artlar脹 yerine
getirmelidir;
a) VMC artlar脹 koruyarak u巽ua devam et,
b) En yak脹n uygun meydana in,
c) 聴nii en k脹sa yolla ilgili ATC 端nitesine bildir.
Not 1: Bunlara ilave olarak, kontroll端 hava alanlar脹na inite, trafik paterni i巽erisinde, Kuleden verilecek 脹脹k
iareti i巽in haz脹rl脹kl脹 olunmal脹d脹r.
Not 2: Baz脹 端lkelerde, Kontroll端 VFR u巽ular i巽in en az iki telsizli u巽ulara m端saade edilir.
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BLM 6
6.0 Emercensi Usuller
Emercensi durumlar Distress ve Urgency olmak 端zere iki b旦l端mde s脹n脹fland脹r脹lm脹t脹r.
Distress: Durum ciddi ve yak脹n bir tehlike tehdidi alt脹nda ve acele yard脹ma ihtiya巽 olmas脹.
Urgency: Bir u巽a脹n, vas脹tan脹n veya u巽aktaki yada g旦r端 alan脹ndaki insanlar脹n emniyetini ilgilendiren durumdur.
Acele yard脹ma ihtiya巽 yoktur.
6.1 MAYDAY ar脹s脹
Distress mesajlar脹n iletilmesine, 端巽 defa MAYDAY ibaresi kullan脹larak balan脹r.
6.2 Kullan脹lacak Frekanslar
Distress ve Urgency trafikler normal olarak bulunduklar脹 frekans脹 muhafaza ederler. Eer dier bir frekansta
daha iyi yard脹mc脹 olunacaksa, trafik dier frekansa al脹nabilir. Emercensi durum dekleresi, 121.500 MHz, uygun
dier VHF frekans veya tahsis edilen frekanstan yap脹labilir. Distress ve Urgency durumlarda R/T konumalar脹,
yava, a巽脹kl脹kla anla脹labilir ve temiz telaffuzlu olmal脹d脹r.
6.3 MAYDAY mesaj脹n脹n i巽erii
Bir MAYDAY mesajda, mesaj脹n i巽erii m端mk端n olduu kadar a巽脹k ve net iletilmelidir. Mesaj aa脹daki bilgileri
kapsamal脹d脹r;
f) Mesaj脹n iletilmek istenen istasyonun 巽ar脹 ad脹 (Zaman ve durum elverirse)
g) U巽a脹n tan脹tmas脹
h) Distress durumun 旦zellii
i) Pilotun niyeti
j) Pozisyonu, irtifas脹 ve u巽u ba脹.
6.4 PAN ar脹s脹
Urgency mesajlar脹n iletilmesine, 端巽 defa PAN PAN ibaresi kullan脹larak balan脹r.
6.5 Kullan脹lacak frekanslar
6.2 de a巽脹kland脹脹 gibidir.
6.6 Mesaj Aktar脹m脹
Bir Urgency durum, bir baka u巽ak yada istasyon taraf脹ndan aktar脹l脹rken;
a) Bir Urgeny mesaj脹 aktard脹脹n脹,
b) u birimlere aktarmak i巽in t端m gerekli bilgileri edinmeli;
(1) 聴lgili ATC 端nitesi,
(2) 聴lgili Hava Operat旦r端ne yada temsilcisine;
bildirmelidir.
Not: 聴lgili operat旦r端 bilgilendirmek, Acil durumdaki u巽a脹n, o b旦lgedeki trafiklerin veya beklenen u巽ular脹n, u巽u
emniyetinin salanmas脹na g旦re, daha 旦ncelikli deildir.
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6.7 Acil Durum veya Emercensi ar脹s脹 Al脹nd脹脹nda Uygulanacaklar
Distress durumdaki istasyon veya distress trafii kontrol eden istasyon, frekansta sessizlii salama yetkisine
sahiptir. Duruma g旦re bir istasyondan yada t端m istasyonlardan, frekansta sessizlii muhafaza etmelerini
isteyebilir. Kullan脹lan kal脹p; STOP TRANSMITTING. The radio distress signal MAYDAY.
Urgency haberlemeler, dier haberlemelere g旦re 旦ncelie sahiptir. Distress durumdaki trafikler hari巽, dier
t端m istasyonlar urgency trafiin konumalar脹n脹 kesmeyecek ekilde dikkatli olmal脹d脹rlar.
6.8 Acil Durum veya Emercensi ar脹s脹n脹n 聴ptali
Bir u巽a脹n distress durumu sona erdiinde, distress durumunun sona erdiini bildirmelidir. Acil veya Emercensi
durumun iptali;
a) 聴lgili ATC 端nitesine,
b) 聴lgili Hava Operat旦r端 veya temsilcisine,
iletilmelidir. Ayr脹ca ilgili otorite taraf脹ndan Acil veya Emercensi durumun sona erdii, kullan脹lan frekanslardan
DISTRESS / URGENCY TRAFFIC ENDED eklinde yay脹nlanmal脹d脹r.