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culture quantitative study qualitative study l2 research mixed between-within groups anova tools of the mind piaget vs. vygotsky culture language mko zone of proximal development internalization process scaffolding social interaction mediation selection/ entrance/ readiness diagnosis progress and grading placement tests crt central tendency dispersion standard deviation nrt fairness equitability brown2004 casas scans eld assessment teacher standards standards based assessment dialogues typologies of situations negative characteristics positive characteristics role play situtional syllabus cultural competence teaching culture language culture curriculum cultural studies ethnographic framework proxemics functions of nonverbal communication nonverbal communcation gesture tips for teaching culture time negotiation of meaning input processing theory gass' model interaction hypothesis frequency hypothesis output hypothesis interactionally modified input adjustments input hypothesis noticing hypothesis aptitude in sla