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Pm carbon nanotubes_modulepresentation

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Carbon nanotubes have a unique covalent structure that makes them over 200 times stronger than steel but only 1/1000th the thickness of a human hair, leading to significant interest from scientists in utilizing their properties; they can be manufactured through molecular engineering processes like chemical synthesis that arrange carbon atoms into nanotube structures on molecular templates; potential applications of carbon nanotubes include use in solar cells, sporting equipment, electronics, displays, and molecular engineering tools due to their mechanical and conductive properties.

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Performance Materials Carbon Nanotubes
Module Outcomes Learn about different forms of carbon Understand that properties of materials are determined by covalent bonds Explore the unique properties of carbon nanotubes, and relate these to current and potential applications.
Did You Know? Carbon nanotubes, composed of interlocking carbon atoms, are 1000x thinner than an average human hair but can be 200x stronger than steel. Image: Schwarzm, Wikipedia
Which Of These Object Are Made From Carbon? Water Diamond Graphite Nanotube Coal Images: L To R: snapr@flickr, swamibu@flickr, orangeacid@flickr, Mstroeck @ Wikipedia,
Activity 1 Perform the Researching Carbon Activity to learn more about the following allotropes (different forms) of carbon: coal, graphite, diamond, buckyballs, carbon nanotubes.
Activity 1 Researching Carbon Uses/ Allotrope Structure Properties Applications Coal Graphite Diamond Buckyballs Carbon Nanotubes
Did You Know? Allotropes of carbon have different covalent bonding arrangements. diamond graphite buckyball nanotube Carbon atoms form covalent bonds by sharing outer shell electrons with each other Diamond, graphite, buckyballs and carbon nanotubes all have different covalent arrangements of carbon atoms The differing covalent arrangements of carbon atoms lead to the different properties of carbon allotropes. Image: Mstroeck @ Wikipedia
Covalent Bonding Sharing Electrons proton A covalent bond is a form of chemical neutron electron bonding that is characterised by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms Valence electrons are the electrons in the outer shell or energy level of an atom that form covalent bonds A carbon atom has 6 electrons, 4 of which are Valence electrons Therefore, carbon atoms can form up to 4 6 protons + 6 Covalent Bonds neutrons Image: Google, 息 NDT Education Resource Centre
Covalent Bonds In Diamond Diamond is formed by a 3D box-like network of carbon atoms The continuous nature of the covalent arrangements forms a giant molecule Electrons are fixed. carbon covalent atoms bonds Image: Wikipedia
Covalent Bonds In Graphite Graphite is formed by hexagonally-arranged carbon molecules forming 2D layers of sheets Electrons are free to move between each carbon sheet. Image: Wikipedia
Covalent Bonds In Buckyballs Carbon atoms in buckyballs are arranged in a soccer ball shape C60 Buckyballs have 20 regular hexagon faces and 12 regular pentagon faces - these faces come together at 60 carbon atom vertices Electrons are localised internally due to the curvature of the structure. Image: Mstroeck @ Wikipedia
A Bit More About Buckyballs Buckyballs are also called fullerenes (after architect Richard Buckminster Fuller) Buckyballs were discovered in 1985 by Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley - these scientists won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering Buckyballs in crystalline form this new allotrope of carbon. Image: Wikipedia
Covalent Bonds In Carbon Nanotubes Carbon nanotubes are formed by a layer of hexagonally-arranged carbon atoms rolled into a cylinder - usually have half buckyballs on one or both ends Electrons are localised internally, and some can move along the length of the tube by ballistic transport Carbon nanotube diameter ~ 1nm Carbon nanotube length can be a million times greater than its width Nanotubes can be - single-walled (d = 1-2 nm), or - multi-walled (d = 5-80 nm). Image: Wikipedia
Properties of Carbon Allotropes Allotrope Hardness Tensile Conducts Conducts strength heat electricity Coal + + + no Graphite ++ ++ +++++ +++++ Not Diamond +++++ known +++ no Buckyballs +++++ ++++ + + Carbon Nanotubes ++++++ +++++ +++++ ++++++
Properties of Carbon Allotropes Allotrope hardness tensile conducts conducts strength heat electricity Coal + + + no Graphite ++ ++ +++++ +++++ Not Diamond +++++ known +++ no Buckyballs +++++ ++++ + + Carbon Nanotubes ++++++ +++++ +++++ ++++++
Unique Properties Of Carbon Nanotubes 200x stronger than steel of the same diameter The first synthetic material to have greater strength than spider silk Excellent conductors of electricity and heat Have huge potential for product development. Image: wafonso@flickr, digidreamgraphix@flickr
Activity 2 Perform the Allotropes of Carbon Activity to further explore the molecular structure and properties of carbon allotropes.
Carbon Nanotubes Given their unique properties, what can carbon nanotubes be used for? Image: Schwarzm, Wikipedia
Nanotubes In Efficient Solar Cells Scientists have developed the blackest black colour using carbon nanotubes The carbon nanotubes are arranged like blades of grass in a lawn - they absorb nearly all light Use of carbon nanotubes in solar cells could vastly improve their efficiency. Image: mulad@flickr.com
Nanotubes In Sporting Equipment Badminton racquet manufacturer Yonex incorporates carbon nanotubes into their cup stack carbon nanotubes racquets (www.yonex.com) American baseball bat manufacturer Easton Sports has formed an alliance with a nanotechnology company Zyvex to develop baseball bats incorporating carbon nanotubes Tennis racquets also incorporate carbon nanotubes (www.babolat.com). Image: stuseeger@flickr.com
Nanotubes In Miniaturised Electronics Branching and switching of signals at electronic junctions is similar to what happens in nerves A carbon nanotube neural tree can be trained to perform complex switching and computing functions Could be used to detect/respond to electronic, acoustic, chemical or thermal signals. Image: hulio@flickr.com
Nanotubes In AV Technology Carbon nanotubes are being used to develop flat screen televisions with higher resolution than the human eye can detect Your next TV screen could be thin, ultra- light and foldable Image: jamescridland@flickr.com
Graphene Sheets A new form of carbon with many potential uses. Professor Gordon Wallace and his team at the University of Wollongong have been studying this new form of carbon just one atom thick The very unusual electronic properties of graphene sheets means they could be used in solar cells or new battery technology, he says Because of the biological affinity of carbon, they might also be useful as electrodes for a range of medical bionic devices such as cochlear implants Graphene sheets could also be used to create transparent electrodes and coatings that prevent the build up of static electricity. Image: 息 Dorling Kindersley
How Are Nanosized Carbon Structures Made? Image: erikcharlton@flickr
Manufacturing Carbon Nanotubes Molecular Engineering Carbon nanotubes can be made using molecular engineering Molecular templates are created - under the right chemical conditions carbon atoms arrange themselves into nanotubes on the template This process is also known as chemical synthesis or self-assembly, and is an example of the bottom-up approach to molecular engineering.
Molecular Engineering 2 Approaches Bottom-up approach: structures are built atom by atom - can use self-assembly or sophisticated tools (eg scanning tunnelling microscope, atomic force microscope) which can pick up, slide or drag atoms or molecules around to build simple nanostructures Top-down approach: traditional engineering techniques such as machining and etching are used at very small scales - products tend to be refinements of existing products, such as electronic chips with more and more components crammed onto them. Image: kikisdad@flickr.com
Top Down Vs Bottom Up Nanotechnology Watch the video found at the following website to improve your understanding of the difference between top-down and bottom-up approaches to manufacturing: www.nanohub.org/resources/96/
Bottom Up Approach: Using Nanotube Tweezers Molecular devices can be constructed using nanotube tweezers The tips of the nanotube tweezers can be opened and closed by switching on and off a voltage between the two Carbon Nanotube probes Nanotube tweezers are tools for use in the bottom-up approach. Image: 息 JEOL
Activity 3 Research Questions Are there any safety issues associated with the use of carbon nanotubes? Peform the Safety Issues of Carbon Nanotubes activity Images: L To R: snapr@flickr, swamibu@flickr, orangeacid@flickr, Mstroeck @ Wikipedia,
Summary Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons Carbon exists in many forms due to its ability to stably form different covalent bonding arrangements The bulk properties of materials are determined by the covalent bonding arrangement of atoms Carbon nanotubes have very different properties compared to the other carbon allotropes - these unique properties offer huge potential in product development.
Revision 1. What are carbon nanotubes and why are scientists so interested in them? 2. How are carbon nanotubes made?
Pm carbon nanotubes_modulepresentation

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Pm carbon nanotubes_modulepresentation

  • 1. Performance Materials Carbon Nanotubes
  • 2. Module Outcomes Learn about different forms of carbon Understand that properties of materials are determined by covalent bonds Explore the unique properties of carbon nanotubes, and relate these to current and potential applications.
  • 3. Did You Know? Carbon nanotubes, composed of interlocking carbon atoms, are 1000x thinner than an average human hair but can be 200x stronger than steel. Image: Schwarzm, Wikipedia
  • 4. Which Of These Object Are Made From Carbon? Water Diamond Graphite Nanotube Coal Images: L To R: snapr@flickr, swamibu@flickr, orangeacid@flickr, Mstroeck @ Wikipedia,
  • 5. Activity 1 Perform the Researching Carbon Activity to learn more about the following allotropes (different forms) of carbon: coal, graphite, diamond, buckyballs, carbon nanotubes.
  • 6. Activity 1 Researching Carbon Uses/ Allotrope Structure Properties Applications Coal Graphite Diamond Buckyballs Carbon Nanotubes
  • 7. Did You Know? Allotropes of carbon have different covalent bonding arrangements. diamond graphite buckyball nanotube Carbon atoms form covalent bonds by sharing outer shell electrons with each other Diamond, graphite, buckyballs and carbon nanotubes all have different covalent arrangements of carbon atoms The differing covalent arrangements of carbon atoms lead to the different properties of carbon allotropes. Image: Mstroeck @ Wikipedia
  • 8. Covalent Bonding Sharing Electrons proton A covalent bond is a form of chemical neutron electron bonding that is characterised by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms Valence electrons are the electrons in the outer shell or energy level of an atom that form covalent bonds A carbon atom has 6 electrons, 4 of which are Valence electrons Therefore, carbon atoms can form up to 4 6 protons + 6 Covalent Bonds neutrons Image: Google, 息 NDT Education Resource Centre
  • 9. Covalent Bonds In Diamond Diamond is formed by a 3D box-like network of carbon atoms The continuous nature of the covalent arrangements forms a giant molecule Electrons are fixed. carbon covalent atoms bonds Image: Wikipedia
  • 10. Covalent Bonds In Graphite Graphite is formed by hexagonally-arranged carbon molecules forming 2D layers of sheets Electrons are free to move between each carbon sheet. Image: Wikipedia
  • 11. Covalent Bonds In Buckyballs Carbon atoms in buckyballs are arranged in a soccer ball shape C60 Buckyballs have 20 regular hexagon faces and 12 regular pentagon faces - these faces come together at 60 carbon atom vertices Electrons are localised internally due to the curvature of the structure. Image: Mstroeck @ Wikipedia
  • 12. A Bit More About Buckyballs Buckyballs are also called fullerenes (after architect Richard Buckminster Fuller) Buckyballs were discovered in 1985 by Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley - these scientists won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering Buckyballs in crystalline form this new allotrope of carbon. Image: Wikipedia
  • 13. Covalent Bonds In Carbon Nanotubes Carbon nanotubes are formed by a layer of hexagonally-arranged carbon atoms rolled into a cylinder - usually have half buckyballs on one or both ends Electrons are localised internally, and some can move along the length of the tube by ballistic transport Carbon nanotube diameter ~ 1nm Carbon nanotube length can be a million times greater than its width Nanotubes can be - single-walled (d = 1-2 nm), or - multi-walled (d = 5-80 nm). Image: Wikipedia
  • 14. Properties of Carbon Allotropes Allotrope Hardness Tensile Conducts Conducts strength heat electricity Coal + + + no Graphite ++ ++ +++++ +++++ Not Diamond +++++ known +++ no Buckyballs +++++ ++++ + + Carbon Nanotubes ++++++ +++++ +++++ ++++++
  • 15. Properties of Carbon Allotropes Allotrope hardness tensile conducts conducts strength heat electricity Coal + + + no Graphite ++ ++ +++++ +++++ Not Diamond +++++ known +++ no Buckyballs +++++ ++++ + + Carbon Nanotubes ++++++ +++++ +++++ ++++++
  • 16. Unique Properties Of Carbon Nanotubes 200x stronger than steel of the same diameter The first synthetic material to have greater strength than spider silk Excellent conductors of electricity and heat Have huge potential for product development. Image: wafonso@flickr, digidreamgraphix@flickr
  • 17. Activity 2 Perform the Allotropes of Carbon Activity to further explore the molecular structure and properties of carbon allotropes.
  • 18. Carbon Nanotubes Given their unique properties, what can carbon nanotubes be used for? Image: Schwarzm, Wikipedia
  • 19. Nanotubes In Efficient Solar Cells Scientists have developed the blackest black colour using carbon nanotubes The carbon nanotubes are arranged like blades of grass in a lawn - they absorb nearly all light Use of carbon nanotubes in solar cells could vastly improve their efficiency. Image: mulad@flickr.com
  • 20. Nanotubes In Sporting Equipment Badminton racquet manufacturer Yonex incorporates carbon nanotubes into their cup stack carbon nanotubes racquets (www.yonex.com) American baseball bat manufacturer Easton Sports has formed an alliance with a nanotechnology company Zyvex to develop baseball bats incorporating carbon nanotubes Tennis racquets also incorporate carbon nanotubes (www.babolat.com). Image: stuseeger@flickr.com
  • 21. Nanotubes In Miniaturised Electronics Branching and switching of signals at electronic junctions is similar to what happens in nerves A carbon nanotube neural tree can be trained to perform complex switching and computing functions Could be used to detect/respond to electronic, acoustic, chemical or thermal signals. Image: hulio@flickr.com
  • 22. Nanotubes In AV Technology Carbon nanotubes are being used to develop flat screen televisions with higher resolution than the human eye can detect Your next TV screen could be thin, ultra- light and foldable Image: jamescridland@flickr.com
  • 23. Graphene Sheets A new form of carbon with many potential uses. Professor Gordon Wallace and his team at the University of Wollongong have been studying this new form of carbon just one atom thick The very unusual electronic properties of graphene sheets means they could be used in solar cells or new battery technology, he says Because of the biological affinity of carbon, they might also be useful as electrodes for a range of medical bionic devices such as cochlear implants Graphene sheets could also be used to create transparent electrodes and coatings that prevent the build up of static electricity. Image: 息 Dorling Kindersley
  • 24. How Are Nanosized Carbon Structures Made? Image: erikcharlton@flickr
  • 25. Manufacturing Carbon Nanotubes Molecular Engineering Carbon nanotubes can be made using molecular engineering Molecular templates are created - under the right chemical conditions carbon atoms arrange themselves into nanotubes on the template This process is also known as chemical synthesis or self-assembly, and is an example of the bottom-up approach to molecular engineering.
  • 26. Molecular Engineering 2 Approaches Bottom-up approach: structures are built atom by atom - can use self-assembly or sophisticated tools (eg scanning tunnelling microscope, atomic force microscope) which can pick up, slide or drag atoms or molecules around to build simple nanostructures Top-down approach: traditional engineering techniques such as machining and etching are used at very small scales - products tend to be refinements of existing products, such as electronic chips with more and more components crammed onto them. Image: kikisdad@flickr.com
  • 27. Top Down Vs Bottom Up Nanotechnology Watch the video found at the following website to improve your understanding of the difference between top-down and bottom-up approaches to manufacturing: www.nanohub.org/resources/96/
  • 28. Bottom Up Approach: Using Nanotube Tweezers Molecular devices can be constructed using nanotube tweezers The tips of the nanotube tweezers can be opened and closed by switching on and off a voltage between the two Carbon Nanotube probes Nanotube tweezers are tools for use in the bottom-up approach. Image: 息 JEOL
  • 29. Activity 3 Research Questions Are there any safety issues associated with the use of carbon nanotubes? Peform the Safety Issues of Carbon Nanotubes activity Images: L To R: snapr@flickr, swamibu@flickr, orangeacid@flickr, Mstroeck @ Wikipedia,
  • 30. Summary Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons Carbon exists in many forms due to its ability to stably form different covalent bonding arrangements The bulk properties of materials are determined by the covalent bonding arrangement of atoms Carbon nanotubes have very different properties compared to the other carbon allotropes - these unique properties offer huge potential in product development.
  • 31. Revision 1. What are carbon nanotubes and why are scientists so interested in them? 2. How are carbon nanotubes made?

Editor's Notes

  • #2: Per.Mat-CNTs module - Title Page
  • #4: Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif, GNU free documentation license by http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Schwarzm
  • #5: Water image from flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/snapr/484776493/(creative commons license) Diamond image thanks to http://www.flickr.com/photos/swamibu/1182138940/ (creative commons license) Pencil image thanks to http://www.flickr.com/photos/orangeacid/204163563/ (creative commons license) Nanotube image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png, GNU free documentation license, courtesy of Michael Strock http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mstroeck Coal image from wikipedia: This image is a work of the "Minerals in Your World" project, a cooperative effort between the United States Geological Survey and the Mineral Information Institute. The images were featured in the "Minerals and Materials Photo Gallery" on the website of the U.S House Subcommittee on Energy and Natural Resources. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain .
  • #8: Nanotube image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png, GNU free documentation license, courtesy of Michael Strock http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mstroeck
  • #9: http://images.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Graphics/CovalentBonding/Covalent2.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Structure/covalent.htm&h=207&w=394&sz=12&hl=en&start=172&um=1&usg=__tAR-XSwtJM836Kkj1f1UvhF6ooE=&tbnid=yYQD8EYpDcGAnM:&tbnh=65&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcovalent%2Bbonding%26start%3D160%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN
  • #10: Nanotube image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png, GNU free documentation license, courtesy of Michael Strock http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mstroeck
  • #11: Nanotube image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png, GNU free documentation license, courtesy of Michael Strock http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mstroeck
  • #12: Nanotube image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png, GNU free documentation license, courtesy of Michael Strock http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mstroeck
  • #13: Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG, GNU free documentation license, thanks to http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Moebius1
  • #14: Nanotube image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png, GNU free documentation license, courtesy of Michael Strock http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mstroeck
  • #15: NB buckyballs can be effective conductors if doped with other elements.
  • #16: NB buckyballs can be effective conductors if doped with other elements.
  • #17: Images thanks to http://www.flickr.com/photos/wafonso/161384471/ and http://www.flickr.com/photos/digidreamgrafix/2847684034/ (creative commons license)
  • #19: Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif, GNU free documentation license by http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Schwarzm
  • #20: Story found at www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/01/16/2139711.html Image thanks to http://www.flickr.com/photos/mulad/2902904747/ (creative commons license)
  • #21: Image thanks to http://www.flickr.com/photos/stuseeger/2419642327/ (creative commons license)
  • #22: Information from Source Ames Research Center NASA Image thanks to http://www.flickr.com/photos/hulio/440232106/ (creative commons license)
  • #23: Information Sources: http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/032801/Nanotubes_paint_clear_picture_032801.html Image thanks to http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamescridland/424166415/ (creative commons license)
  • #24: http://media.uow.edu.au/news/UOW041243.html http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/01/29/2148939.html
  • #25: Image thanks to http://www.flickr.com/photos/erikcharlton/2303709058/ (creative commons license)
  • #27: http://www.nanotechnology.com/docs/wtd015798.pdf Image thanks to http://www.flickr.com/photos/kikisdad/33679340/ (creative commons license)
  • #28: LSPM Team, EPICS (2005), "Nanomanufacturing: Top-Down and Bottom-Up," http://www.nanohub.org/resources/96/.
  • #29: Info and image from http://www.jeol.se/JEOL%20News/news37E/htm/70/index.htm
  • #31: Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif, GNU free documentation license by http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Schwarzm
  • #33: End title