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2-24---The Benefits Of Fb

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Noel Hu
Noel Hu

The document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between college students' use of Facebook and their social capital and psychological well-being. The study surveyed 286 college students about their Facebook use, social connections on and off campus, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Results showed that stronger Facebook use was positively correlated with bridging social capital (weak ties) and maintaining old friendships, and that these relationships positively impacted self-esteem and life satisfaction. Facebook use was less strongly correlated with bonding social capital (strong ties).

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資傳碩一 M97670001 胡馨尹 The Benefits of Facebook ‘‘Friends:’’ Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites 2008 年 2 月 24 日 ( 二 )
文章簡介 Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2007 年 12 月 1143–1168 頁 Nicole B. Ellison 、 Charles Steinfield 、 Cliff Lampe Department of Telecommunication, Information Studies, and Media Michigan State University
abstract 使用 facebook 形成或維持社會資本 bonding 、 bridging 、 maintain Facebook 的使用和心理上幸福有正相關 滿足感、自尊 迴歸分析檢驗 286 位大學生 結果顯示對於維繫 bridging 社會資本最強烈
introduction Social network sites (SNSs) 使用網站與他人互動 Facebook 提供簡介、 friends 、加入社群 服務建構了線上和線上的聯繫 線下：地理位置限制（校園 mail add. ） 搜尋線下認識者多於瀏覽線上陌生人 維持現有關係、發展新關係
簡介 facebook 2100 萬會員、每天創造 16 億頁面 推出校園、公司組織版本 超過 2000 個大學使用、第七大受歡迎網站 過度開放資訊，造成線上、線下危險 研究關注是否能透過線上工具達到線下社會資本累積
Social Capital: Online and Offline 社會資本是 關係中累積的資源 (Coleman, 1988) 虛擬和現實中資源的總和 (Bourdieu ,1992) 社會資本有正向的社會影響；對個人來說，提供資訊和人際關係 bridging ：弱連結、可能提供資訊或新觀點 bonding ：家人、親密朋友的緊密關係 本研究另外提出「維持社會資本」
Social Capital and the Internet 網路既增加也降低社會資本 減少面對面的時間；提供更便利便宜的溝通 近來研究強調網路增加弱連結形成 關係透過網路科技得以維繫 網路增加緊密關係的容易性 H1:FB 使用強度和個人 bridging 社會資本成正比 H2:FB 使用強度和個人 bonding 社會資本成正比
Social Capital and the Internet 網路助人感到幸福，增加與朋友的聯繫 CMC 降低溝通藩籬、增加自我開放機會 心理上幸福的兩個確認指標 自尊、生活滿意度 H3a:FB 使用強度和 bridging 社資的關係影響自尊 H3b:FB 使用強度和 bridging 社資的關係影響生活滿意度 H4a:FB 使用強度和 bonding 社資的關係影響自尊 H4b:FB 使用強度和 bonding 社資的關係影響生活滿意度
Maintained Social Capital and Life Changes 社會網絡隨著時間、關係的改變而改變 地理位置疏遠，藉由 email 聯繫情感 friendsickness- 大學生對高中時期朋友失去聯繫 除新形成的網絡，探討舊有關係維持 H5:FB 使用強度和個人維繫社會資本成正比
Self-esteem Satisfaction with life Bridging social capital Bonding social capital maintain social capital Facebook intensity Self-esteem Satisfaction with life H1 H2 H3a H3b H4a H4b H5 研究假設圖
Method 800 位註冊的 MSU 學生 透過 email 寄送邀請 使用網站 Zoomerang 調查 $5 校園帳戶報酬 共 286 位學生完成調查
Measures of demographics 有 94% 大學生為 FB 會員 Sample demographics (N=286) ? Mean or % (N) S.D. Gender ? ? ??? male 34% (98) ? ??? female 66% (188) ? Age 20.1 1.64 Ethnicity ? ? ??? white 87% (247) ? ??? non-white 13% (36) ? Income 3.18 2.04 Year in school 2.55 1.07 Home residence ? ? ??? in-state 91% (259) ? ??? out-of-state 09% (25) ? Local residence ? ? ??? on campus 55% (157) ? ??? off campus 45% (127) ? Member of fraternity/sorotity 08% (23) 1.01 Hours of Internet use per day 2 hr, 56 min 1.52 Facebook members 94% (268) ?
Measures of Facebook Usage 共有 150-200 位朋友 每天花費 10-30 分鐘 Individual Items and Scale Mean S.D. Facebook intensity -0.08 0.79 how many Facebook friends (4=151-200, 5=201-250) 4.39 2.12 how many minutes per day spent on Facebook? (1=10-30, 2=31-60) 1.07 1.16 Facebook is part of my everyday activity 3.12 1.26 I am proud to tell people I'm on Facebook 3.24 0.89 Facebook has become part of my daily routine 2.96 1.32 I feel out of touch when I haven't logged onto Facebook for a while 2.29 1.20 I feel I am part of the Facebook community 3.30 1.01 I would be sorry if Facebook shut down 3.45 1.14
Measures of Facebook Usage 個人簡介元素、在看誰的簡介 認識新朋友或維繫線下互動 線下對應到線上－和誰互動 線上對應到線下－關聯性低 維繫線下關係 勝過 meet new Individual Items and Scale Mean S.D. Off to Online: I use Facebook to connect with offline contacts 3.64 0.79 I have used Facebook to check out someone I met socially 3.99 1.05 I use Facebook to learn more about other people in my classes 3.26 1.20 I use Facebook to learn more about other people living near me 2.86 1.22 I use Facebook to keep in touch with my old friends 4.42 0.86 On to Offline: I use Facebook to meet new people (single item measure) 1.97 1.03
Measures of Facebook Usage 聯繫高中同學是最大動機 簡介的主要讀者為線下即相識者
Measures of Facebook Usage 1) 低年級者，較常使用 FB 發 展新關係 2) 無論哪個年級，維繫原有關係的比例都較高
Measures for Psychological Well-Being 1)Rosenberg self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1989). 2)Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Suh, & Oishi, 1997; Pavot & Diener, 1993) Individual Items and Scale Mean S.D. Self Esteem Scale 4.30 0.55 I feel that I'm a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others 4.50 0.60 I feel that I have a number of good qualities 4.54 0.57 All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure (reversed) 4.27 0.86 I am able to do things as well as most other people 4.29 0.63 I feel I do not have much to be proud of (reversed) 4.26 0.89 I take a positive attitude toward myself 4.17 0.75 On the whole, I am satisfied with myself 4.07 0.84 Satisfaction with MSU Life Scale 3.55 0.74 In most ways my life at MSU is close to my ideal 3.42 0.96 The conditions of my life at MSU are excellent 3.54 0.91 I am satisfied with my life at MSU 3.85 0.84 So far I have gotten the important things I want at MSU 3.74 0.81 If I could live my time at MSU over, I would change almost nothing 3.18 1.05
Measures of Social Capital Measures of Social Capital 1 Factor Loadings Individual Items and Scales Mean S.D. Bridging Social Capital Maintained Social Capital Bonding Social Capital Bridging Social Capital Scale 3.81 0.53 ? ? ? I feel I am part of the MSU community 3.78 0.80 0.70 -0.24 0.13 I am interested in what goes on at MSU 3.98 0.64 0.73 -0.10 0.13 MSU is a good place to be 4.22 0.78 0.73 -0.12 0.18 I would be willing to contribute money to MSU after graduation 3.35 0.95 0.66 -0.04 0.13 Interacting with people at MSU makes me want to try new things 3.74 0.68 0.60 -0.04 0.15 Interacting with people at MSU makes me feel like a part of a larger community 3.81 0.68 0.72 -0.09 0.23 I am willing to spend time to support general MSU activities 3.70 0.77 0.76 -0.10 0.16 At MSU, I come into contact with new people all the time 4.05 0.69 0.54 -0.17 0.13 Interacting with people at MSU reminds me that everyone in the world is connected 3.65 0.88 0.60 -0.07 0.04
Measures of Social Capital 2 Factor Loadings Individual Items and Scales Mean S.D. Bridging Social Capital Maintained Social Capital Bonding Social Capital Bonding Social Capital Scale 3.72 0.66 ? ? ? There are several people at MSU I trust to solve my problems 3.22 1.01 0.17 -0.07 0.60 If I needed an emergency loan of $100, I know someone at MSU I can turn to 3.75 1.09 0.02 -0.18 0.76 There is someone at MSU I can turn to for advice about making very important decisions 3.98 0.85 0.27 -0.09 0.76 The people I interact with at MSU would be good job references for me 3.88 0.79 0.32 0.07 0.63 I do not know people at MSU well enough to get them to do anything important 3.78 0.87 0.13 -0.23 0.61
Measures of Social Capital 3 Factor Loadings Individual Items and Scales Mean S.D. Bridging Social Capital Maintained Social Capital Bonding Social Capital Maintained Social Capital Scale 3.77 0.67 ? ? ? I'd be able to find out about events in another town from a high school acquaintance living there 3.59 0.88 0.20 -0.58 0.05 If I needed to, I could ask a high school acquaintance to do a small favor for me 3.92 0.89 0.06 -0.86 0.18 I'd be able to stay with a high school acquaintance if traveling to a different city 3.85 0.94 -0.02 -0.85 0.15 I'd be able to find information about a job or internship from a high school acquaintance 3.58 0.89 0.11 -0.79 0.02 It would be easy to find people to invite to my high school reunion 3.90 0.88 0.29 -0.56 0.14
迴歸分析－ 控制人口特質、幸福、網路使用因素 查看 FB 對社會資本的影響 H1 成立 Model 1: Control Factors, Facebook Intensity, and Facebook X Self-Esteem Interaction Model 2: Control Factors, Facebook Intensity, and Facebook X Satisfaction with MSU Life Interaction Independent Variables Scaled Beta p Scaled Beta p Intercept 3.80 **** 3.85 **** Gender: male -0.02 ? -0.03 ? Gender: female 0.02 ? 0.03 ? Ethnicity: white 0.08 * 0.07 ? Ethnicity: nonwhite -0.08 * -0.07 ? Income 0.04 ? 0.05 ? Year in school 0.00 ? 0.01 ? State residence: in-state -0.05 ? -0.07 ? State residence: out-of-state 0.05 ? 0.07 ? Local residence: on campus -0.04 ? -0.03 ? Local residence: off campus 0.04 ? 0.03 ? Fraternity/sorority member -0.01 ? -0.03 ? Not a member of fraternity/sorority 0.01 ? 0.03 ? Hrs of Internet use per day -0.03 ? -0.01 ? Self esteem 0.20 *** 0.22 **** Satisfaction with MSU 0.66 **** 0.61 **** Facebook (FB) intensity 0.34 **** 0.31 **** Self-esteem by FB intensity 4 -0.35 ** ? ? Satisfaction by FB intensity ? ? -0.51 ***
FB 使用強度與 bridging 社會資本 FB 使用和 bridging 社會資本影響自尊和生活滿意度 H3a.b 成立
兩種幸福感 較不顯著 H2 成立 Model 1: Control Factors, Facebook Intensity, and Facebook X Self-Esteem Interaction Model 2: Control Factors, Facebook Intensity, and Facebook X Satisfaction with MSU Life Interaction Independent Variables Scaled Beta p Scaled Beta p Intercept 3.73 **** 3.76 **** Gender: male 0.07 ? 0.06 ? Gender: female -0.07 ? -0.06 ? Ethnicity: white 0.17 ** 0.16 ** Ethnicity: nonwhite -0.17 ** -0.16 ** Income 0.07 ? 0.07 ? Year in school 0.23 *** 0.23 *** State residence: in-state -0.09 ? -0.10 ? State residence: out-of-state 0.09 ? 0.10 ? Local residence: on campus 0.13 ** 0.14 ** Local residence: off campus -0.13 ** -0.14 ** Fraternity/sorority member -0.07 ? -0.08 ? Not a member of fraternity/sorority 0.07 ? 0.08 ? Hrs of Internet use per day -0.01 ? 0.01 ? Self esteem 0.22 ** 0.24 ** Satisfaction with MSU 0.40 *** 0.37 *** Facebook (FB) intensity 0.37 **** 0.34 *** Self-esteem by FB intensity -0.32 ? ? ? Satisfaction by FB intensity ? ? -0.26
H5 成立 Model 1: Control Factors, Facebook Intensity, and Facebook X Self-Esteem Interaction Model 2: Control Factors, Facebook Intensity, and Facebook X Satisfaction with MSU Life Interaction Independent Variables Scaled Beta p Scaled Beta p Intercept 3.57 **** 3.60 **** Gender: male -0.02 ? -0.02 ? Gender: female 0.02 ? 0.02 ? Ethnicity: white 0.23 *** 0.23 *** Ethnicity: nonwhite -0.23 *** -0.23 *** Income 0.08 ? 0.08 ? Year in school -0.09 ? -0.08 ? State residence: in-state 0.06 ? 0.05 ? State residence: out-of-state -0.06 ? -0.05 ? Local residence: on campus -0.06 ? -0.05 ? Local residence: off campus 0.06 ? 0.05 ? Fraternity/sorority member -0.02 ? -0.03 ? Not a member of fraternity/sorority 0.02 ? 0.03 ? Hrs of Internet use per day 0.26 * 0.27 * Self esteem 0.30 *** 0.31 *** Satisfaction with MSU -0.02 ? -0.04 ? Facebook (FB) intensity 0.37 **** 0.36 *** Self-esteem by FB intensity 4 -0.11 ? ? ? Satisfaction by FB intensity ? ? -0.29
bridging 社會資本 bridging 社會資本 幫助融入大學社群、開拓視野 技術提供，使隱性關係轉化成弱連結 FB 使用強度較高者，有較高的 bridging 社會資本、高生活滿意和自尊 FB 幫助克服學生面對的障礙 bridging 社會資本能提供資訊和機會 (poor get richer)
bonding & 維繫社會資本 迴歸模型中， bonding 社會資本較少變化 佔有一定的影響、但未必對建立強連結有幫助 FB 幫助維繫原有關係，如： birthday greetings FB 幫助維繫社會資本 弱連結的長處
limit & suggest 只有一種社群的限制 FB 和校園密切連結，無法推及其他社群 本研究只是 one-time survey ，無法推論因果 建議未來研究 使用複合研究方法，避免單方面作答 蒐集縱向資料
Conclusions 經常使用 FB 能維繫 bridging 社會資本 只使用網路不一定能累積社會資本 SNSs 幫助維繫改變後的線下生活 線上互動未取代線下，補足其互動不足 除了學生族群，可以觀察專業研究者、鄰居、社群成員的利益維持關係

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2-24---The Benefits Of Fb

  • 1. 資傳碩一 M97670001 胡馨尹 The Benefits of Facebook ‘‘Friends:’’ Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites 2008 年 2 月 24 日 ( 二 )
  • 2. 文章簡介 Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2007 年 12 月 1143–1168 頁 Nicole B. Ellison 、 Charles Steinfield 、 Cliff Lampe Department of Telecommunication, Information Studies, and Media Michigan State University
  • 3. abstract 使用 facebook 形成或維持社會資本 bonding 、 bridging 、 maintain Facebook 的使用和心理上幸福有正相關 滿足感、自尊 迴歸分析檢驗 286 位大學生 結果顯示對於維繫 bridging 社會資本最強烈
  • 4. introduction Social network sites (SNSs) 使用網站與他人互動 Facebook 提供簡介、 friends 、加入社群 服務建構了線上和線上的聯繫 線下：地理位置限制（校園 mail add. ） 搜尋線下認識者多於瀏覽線上陌生人 維持現有關係、發展新關係
  • 5. 簡介 facebook 2100 萬會員、每天創造 16 億頁面 推出校園、公司組織版本 超過 2000 個大學使用、第七大受歡迎網站 過度開放資訊，造成線上、線下危險 研究關注是否能透過線上工具達到線下社會資本累積
  • 6. Social Capital: Online and Offline 社會資本是 關係中累積的資源 (Coleman, 1988) 虛擬和現實中資源的總和 (Bourdieu ,1992) 社會資本有正向的社會影響；對個人來說，提供資訊和人際關係 bridging ：弱連結、可能提供資訊或新觀點 bonding ：家人、親密朋友的緊密關係 本研究另外提出「維持社會資本」
  • 7. Social Capital and the Internet 網路既增加也降低社會資本 減少面對面的時間；提供更便利便宜的溝通 近來研究強調網路增加弱連結形成 關係透過網路科技得以維繫 網路增加緊密關係的容易性 H1:FB 使用強度和個人 bridging 社會資本成正比 H2:FB 使用強度和個人 bonding 社會資本成正比
  • 8. Social Capital and the Internet 網路助人感到幸福，增加與朋友的聯繫 CMC 降低溝通藩籬、增加自我開放機會 心理上幸福的兩個確認指標 自尊、生活滿意度 H3a:FB 使用強度和 bridging 社資的關係影響自尊 H3b:FB 使用強度和 bridging 社資的關係影響生活滿意度 H4a:FB 使用強度和 bonding 社資的關係影響自尊 H4b:FB 使用強度和 bonding 社資的關係影響生活滿意度
  • 9. Maintained Social Capital and Life Changes 社會網絡隨著時間、關係的改變而改變 地理位置疏遠，藉由 email 聯繫情感 friendsickness- 大學生對高中時期朋友失去聯繫 除新形成的網絡，探討舊有關係維持 H5:FB 使用強度和個人維繫社會資本成正比
  • 10. Self-esteem Satisfaction with life Bridging social capital Bonding social capital maintain social capital Facebook intensity Self-esteem Satisfaction with life H1 H2 H3a H3b H4a H4b H5 研究假設圖
  • 11. Method 800 位註冊的 MSU 學生 透過 email 寄送邀請 使用網站 Zoomerang 調查 $5 校園帳戶報酬 共 286 位學生完成調查
  • 12. Measures of demographics 有 94% 大學生為 FB 會員 Sample demographics (N=286) ? Mean or % (N) S.D. Gender ? ? ??? male 34% (98) ? ??? female 66% (188) ? Age 20.1 1.64 Ethnicity ? ? ??? white 87% (247) ? ??? non-white 13% (36) ? Income 3.18 2.04 Year in school 2.55 1.07 Home residence ? ? ??? in-state 91% (259) ? ??? out-of-state 09% (25) ? Local residence ? ? ??? on campus 55% (157) ? ??? off campus 45% (127) ? Member of fraternity/sorotity 08% (23) 1.01 Hours of Internet use per day 2 hr, 56 min 1.52 Facebook members 94% (268) ?
  • 13. Measures of Facebook Usage 共有 150-200 位朋友 每天花費 10-30 分鐘 Individual Items and Scale Mean S.D. Facebook intensity -0.08 0.79 how many Facebook friends (4=151-200, 5=201-250) 4.39 2.12 how many minutes per day spent on Facebook? (1=10-30, 2=31-60) 1.07 1.16 Facebook is part of my everyday activity 3.12 1.26 I am proud to tell people I'm on Facebook 3.24 0.89 Facebook has become part of my daily routine 2.96 1.32 I feel out of touch when I haven't logged onto Facebook for a while 2.29 1.20 I feel I am part of the Facebook community 3.30 1.01 I would be sorry if Facebook shut down 3.45 1.14
  • 14. Measures of Facebook Usage 個人簡介元素、在看誰的簡介 認識新朋友或維繫線下互動 線下對應到線上－和誰互動 線上對應到線下－關聯性低 維繫線下關係 勝過 meet new Individual Items and Scale Mean S.D. Off to Online: I use Facebook to connect with offline contacts 3.64 0.79 I have used Facebook to check out someone I met socially 3.99 1.05 I use Facebook to learn more about other people in my classes 3.26 1.20 I use Facebook to learn more about other people living near me 2.86 1.22 I use Facebook to keep in touch with my old friends 4.42 0.86 On to Offline: I use Facebook to meet new people (single item measure) 1.97 1.03
  • 15. Measures of Facebook Usage 聯繫高中同學是最大動機 簡介的主要讀者為線下即相識者
  • 16. Measures of Facebook Usage 1) 低年級者，較常使用 FB 發 展新關係 2) 無論哪個年級，維繫原有關係的比例都較高
  • 17. Measures for Psychological Well-Being 1)Rosenberg self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1989). 2)Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Suh, & Oishi, 1997; Pavot & Diener, 1993) Individual Items and Scale Mean S.D. Self Esteem Scale 4.30 0.55 I feel that I'm a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others 4.50 0.60 I feel that I have a number of good qualities 4.54 0.57 All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure (reversed) 4.27 0.86 I am able to do things as well as most other people 4.29 0.63 I feel I do not have much to be proud of (reversed) 4.26 0.89 I take a positive attitude toward myself 4.17 0.75 On the whole, I am satisfied with myself 4.07 0.84 Satisfaction with MSU Life Scale 3.55 0.74 In most ways my life at MSU is close to my ideal 3.42 0.96 The conditions of my life at MSU are excellent 3.54 0.91 I am satisfied with my life at MSU 3.85 0.84 So far I have gotten the important things I want at MSU 3.74 0.81 If I could live my time at MSU over, I would change almost nothing 3.18 1.05
  • 18. Measures of Social Capital Measures of Social Capital 1 Factor Loadings Individual Items and Scales Mean S.D. Bridging Social Capital Maintained Social Capital Bonding Social Capital Bridging Social Capital Scale 3.81 0.53 ? ? ? I feel I am part of the MSU community 3.78 0.80 0.70 -0.24 0.13 I am interested in what goes on at MSU 3.98 0.64 0.73 -0.10 0.13 MSU is a good place to be 4.22 0.78 0.73 -0.12 0.18 I would be willing to contribute money to MSU after graduation 3.35 0.95 0.66 -0.04 0.13 Interacting with people at MSU makes me want to try new things 3.74 0.68 0.60 -0.04 0.15 Interacting with people at MSU makes me feel like a part of a larger community 3.81 0.68 0.72 -0.09 0.23 I am willing to spend time to support general MSU activities 3.70 0.77 0.76 -0.10 0.16 At MSU, I come into contact with new people all the time 4.05 0.69 0.54 -0.17 0.13 Interacting with people at MSU reminds me that everyone in the world is connected 3.65 0.88 0.60 -0.07 0.04
  • 19. Measures of Social Capital 2 Factor Loadings Individual Items and Scales Mean S.D. Bridging Social Capital Maintained Social Capital Bonding Social Capital Bonding Social Capital Scale 3.72 0.66 ? ? ? There are several people at MSU I trust to solve my problems 3.22 1.01 0.17 -0.07 0.60 If I needed an emergency loan of $100, I know someone at MSU I can turn to 3.75 1.09 0.02 -0.18 0.76 There is someone at MSU I can turn to for advice about making very important decisions 3.98 0.85 0.27 -0.09 0.76 The people I interact with at MSU would be good job references for me 3.88 0.79 0.32 0.07 0.63 I do not know people at MSU well enough to get them to do anything important 3.78 0.87 0.13 -0.23 0.61
  • 20. Measures of Social Capital 3 Factor Loadings Individual Items and Scales Mean S.D. Bridging Social Capital Maintained Social Capital Bonding Social Capital Maintained Social Capital Scale 3.77 0.67 ? ? ? I'd be able to find out about events in another town from a high school acquaintance living there 3.59 0.88 0.20 -0.58 0.05 If I needed to, I could ask a high school acquaintance to do a small favor for me 3.92 0.89 0.06 -0.86 0.18 I'd be able to stay with a high school acquaintance if traveling to a different city 3.85 0.94 -0.02 -0.85 0.15 I'd be able to find information about a job or internship from a high school acquaintance 3.58 0.89 0.11 -0.79 0.02 It would be easy to find people to invite to my high school reunion 3.90 0.88 0.29 -0.56 0.14
  • 21. 迴歸分析－ 控制人口特質、幸福、網路使用因素 查看 FB 對社會資本的影響 H1 成立 Model 1: Control Factors, Facebook Intensity, and Facebook X Self-Esteem Interaction Model 2: Control Factors, Facebook Intensity, and Facebook X Satisfaction with MSU Life Interaction Independent Variables Scaled Beta p Scaled Beta p Intercept 3.80 **** 3.85 **** Gender: male -0.02 ? -0.03 ? Gender: female 0.02 ? 0.03 ? Ethnicity: white 0.08 * 0.07 ? Ethnicity: nonwhite -0.08 * -0.07 ? Income 0.04 ? 0.05 ? Year in school 0.00 ? 0.01 ? State residence: in-state -0.05 ? -0.07 ? State residence: out-of-state 0.05 ? 0.07 ? Local residence: on campus -0.04 ? -0.03 ? Local residence: off campus 0.04 ? 0.03 ? Fraternity/sorority member -0.01 ? -0.03 ? Not a member of fraternity/sorority 0.01 ? 0.03 ? Hrs of Internet use per day -0.03 ? -0.01 ? Self esteem 0.20 *** 0.22 **** Satisfaction with MSU 0.66 **** 0.61 **** Facebook (FB) intensity 0.34 **** 0.31 **** Self-esteem by FB intensity 4 -0.35 ** ? ? Satisfaction by FB intensity ? ? -0.51 ***
  • 22. FB 使用強度與 bridging 社會資本 FB 使用和 bridging 社會資本影響自尊和生活滿意度 H3a.b 成立
  • 23. 兩種幸福感 較不顯著 H2 成立 Model 1: Control Factors, Facebook Intensity, and Facebook X Self-Esteem Interaction Model 2: Control Factors, Facebook Intensity, and Facebook X Satisfaction with MSU Life Interaction Independent Variables Scaled Beta p Scaled Beta p Intercept 3.73 **** 3.76 **** Gender: male 0.07 ? 0.06 ? Gender: female -0.07 ? -0.06 ? Ethnicity: white 0.17 ** 0.16 ** Ethnicity: nonwhite -0.17 ** -0.16 ** Income 0.07 ? 0.07 ? Year in school 0.23 *** 0.23 *** State residence: in-state -0.09 ? -0.10 ? State residence: out-of-state 0.09 ? 0.10 ? Local residence: on campus 0.13 ** 0.14 ** Local residence: off campus -0.13 ** -0.14 ** Fraternity/sorority member -0.07 ? -0.08 ? Not a member of fraternity/sorority 0.07 ? 0.08 ? Hrs of Internet use per day -0.01 ? 0.01 ? Self esteem 0.22 ** 0.24 ** Satisfaction with MSU 0.40 *** 0.37 *** Facebook (FB) intensity 0.37 **** 0.34 *** Self-esteem by FB intensity -0.32 ? ? ? Satisfaction by FB intensity ? ? -0.26
  • 24. H5 成立 Model 1: Control Factors, Facebook Intensity, and Facebook X Self-Esteem Interaction Model 2: Control Factors, Facebook Intensity, and Facebook X Satisfaction with MSU Life Interaction Independent Variables Scaled Beta p Scaled Beta p Intercept 3.57 **** 3.60 **** Gender: male -0.02 ? -0.02 ? Gender: female 0.02 ? 0.02 ? Ethnicity: white 0.23 *** 0.23 *** Ethnicity: nonwhite -0.23 *** -0.23 *** Income 0.08 ? 0.08 ? Year in school -0.09 ? -0.08 ? State residence: in-state 0.06 ? 0.05 ? State residence: out-of-state -0.06 ? -0.05 ? Local residence: on campus -0.06 ? -0.05 ? Local residence: off campus 0.06 ? 0.05 ? Fraternity/sorority member -0.02 ? -0.03 ? Not a member of fraternity/sorority 0.02 ? 0.03 ? Hrs of Internet use per day 0.26 * 0.27 * Self esteem 0.30 *** 0.31 *** Satisfaction with MSU -0.02 ? -0.04 ? Facebook (FB) intensity 0.37 **** 0.36 *** Self-esteem by FB intensity 4 -0.11 ? ? ? Satisfaction by FB intensity ? ? -0.29
  • 25. bridging 社會資本 bridging 社會資本 幫助融入大學社群、開拓視野 技術提供，使隱性關係轉化成弱連結 FB 使用強度較高者，有較高的 bridging 社會資本、高生活滿意和自尊 FB 幫助克服學生面對的障礙 bridging 社會資本能提供資訊和機會 (poor get richer)
  • 26. bonding & 維繫社會資本 迴歸模型中， bonding 社會資本較少變化 佔有一定的影響、但未必對建立強連結有幫助 FB 幫助維繫原有關係，如： birthday greetings FB 幫助維繫社會資本 弱連結的長處
  • 27. limit & suggest 只有一種社群的限制 FB 和校園密切連結，無法推及其他社群 本研究只是 one-time survey ，無法推論因果 建議未來研究 使用複合研究方法，避免單方面作答 蒐集縱向資料
  • 28. Conclusions 經常使用 FB 能維繫 bridging 社會資本 只使用網路不一定能累積社會資本 SNSs 幫助維繫改變後的線下生活 線上互動未取代線下，補足其互動不足 除了學生族群，可以觀察專業研究者、鄰居、社群成員的利益維持關係