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rotation scaling homogeneous ddbms advantages disadvantages temporal database multimedia database content of multimedia database management system : types of multimedia applications : access control physical access control mandatory access control (mac): discretionary access control (dac): role-based access control (rbac): rule-based access control: flow control group by clause group by syntax grouping using a single column grouping using multiple columns grouping and aggregate functions class hierarchy and inheritance class attributes and methods object and object identifier data models to be considered: object-oriented database (oodb) features to be con object-oriented database (oodb) object oriented modeling aggregration generalization: example bottom-up approach generalization example of b+ tree structure of the leaf nodes of a b+ tree structure of the internal nodes of a b+ tree what can sql do stages of sql detailed diagram of sql process pl/sql advantages difference between sql and pl/sql (inner) join: left (outer) join: right (outer) join: full (outer) join: ²õ±ç±ôÌý³Ü²Ô¾±´Ç²ÔÌý´Ç±è±ð°ù²¹³Ù´Ç°ù sql group by having statement the sql exists operator the sql any and all operators the sql select into statement packages package specification and scope having clause assignments function in pl/sql example – no parameters in function example – testing retrievesalary function example function with parameter dropping a function homogeneous distributed databases homogeneous non-autonomous database typical heterogeneous environment major objectives heterogeneous distributed databases ´Ú±ð»å±ð°ù²¹³Ù±ð»åÌý− unfederated what is sql? create package syntax peer- to-peer architecture for ddbms multi - dbms architectures simple attribute composite attribute derived attribute single-value attribute multi-value attribute key attributes- compex object encapsulation inheritance non-replicated and non-fragmented fully replicated partially replicated fragmented: vertical fragmentation ddbms characteristics centralized vs. distributed database heterogeneous ddbms what is parallel database data fragmentation replication distribution transaction components of ddbms computer workstations or remote devices network hardware and software components communications media transaction processor (tp) data processor (dp) distributed dbms architectures client - server architecture for ddbms horizontal fragmentation a query-evaluation plan cost based optimization (physical) heuristic optimization (logical) external sorting external merge sort two-way merge sort data communication components of data communication system distributed database features of distributed database advantages of distributed databases adversities of distributed databases b-tree properties of b-tree b-tree of minimum degree 3 drawbacks of b-tree hybrid fragmentation mixed distribution: advantages of data replication disadvantages of data replication database security requirements goals data security lifecycle authorization authentication backup & recovery integrity encryption & decryption query optimization importance query processing depth buffer (z-buffer) method depth buffer (z-buffer) method algorithm scan-line method the edge table the polygon table point clipping line clipping cohen-sutherland line clippings polygon clipping sutherland hodgman algorithm) text clipping video display devices working of crt cathode ray tube (crt) types of deflection: crt color monitor a physical view reflection shear y shear x shear bezier curves properties of bezier curves derivation for quadratic bezier curve b-spline curves properties of b-spline curve? back-face detection algorithm for right-handed system : normal vector the algorithm for left-handed system : limitations : what is visible surface detection? image-space methods perspective projeaction parallel projection orthographic projection oblique projection cyrus beck line clipping algorithm parametric equation: steps of the algorithm three address code how to generate three address code implementation of three address code quadruple triples indirect triples decoders logic circuit truth table 3 to 8 line decoder object-space methods computation storage scientific instruments grids software and licenses a functional view the grid security infrastructure: node security function/functional block broker function/functional block and directory scheduler function/functional block bresenham's line algorithm illustrating bresenham’s approach derivation bresenham’s line drawing algorithm:example 3 d transformation translation example – passing in and out parameters recovery-introduction 3 states of database recovery: transaction failure… system crash… disk failure… log based recovery ³¦³ó±ð³¦°ì±è´Ç¾±²Ô³Ù… data definition language (ddl) data manipulation language (dml) transaction control language (tcl) data control language (dcl) - alter command alter table - add column alter table - alter/modify column ²õ±ç±ôÌý³¦´Ç²Ô²õ³Ù°ù²¹¾±²Ô³Ù²õ create database: b+ tree declaring procedures and functions within a packag package body create package body syntax example –package example– package body results of calling package procedure cursors in packages cursor example – package example – use cursor variable procedures in pl/sql create procedure syntax defining the in out and in out parameter modes parameter constraint restrictions force view creation update a view read-only view types of view example: view updating a view drop sql view three dimensional transformations 3d translation 3-d reflection 3d-shearing composite transformation two successive scaling two successive rotation transformation translation:moving the grid 3 d viewing mathmetics of projection example – procedure with no parameters arithmetic operators comparison operator logical operator database triggers trigger limitations facts about triggers create trigger syntax trigger types example 1– statement trigger row trigger – accessing rows bind variables :old and :new defined trigger predicates enabling and disabling triggers dropping a trigger sql views create a view: