�ݺ�ߣshows by User: BrahmeshReddy

�ݺ�ߣshows by User: BrahmeshReddy / http://www.slideshare.net/images/logo.gif �ݺ�ߣshows by User: BrahmeshReddy / Tue, 14 May 2024 06:13:40 GMT �ݺ�ߣShare feed for �ݺ�ߣshows by User: BrahmeshReddy Parent-offspring conflict: evolutionary biology of tension arising between parents and their offspring over the allocation of resources /slideshow/parent-offspring-conflict-evolutionary-biology-of-tension-arising-between-parents-and-their-offspring-over-the-allocation-of-resources/268307747 warofhormones-poc-240514061340-5b47b7c3
Parent-offspring conflict is a concept in evolutionary biology that describes the tension arising between parents and their offspring over the allocation of resources. This conflict was first extensively discussed by Robert Trivers in 1974, building on the principles of evolutionary theory. The theory posits that while parents and their offspring share a substantial amount of genetic material, their genetic interests are not perfectly aligned, leading to conflicts of interest. Theoretical Basis The theory is based on the principle that both parents and offspring are driven by natural selection to maximize their own inclusive fitness. However, the ways they can maximize their fitness often conflict, especially over the distribution of resources such as food, care, and shelter. Parents' Perspective: From a parent's standpoint, the optimal strategy typically involves distributing resources equitably among all current and future offspring to maximize the total number of surviving offspring. This means that a parent may withhold some resources from a current offspring if it increases the survival and reproductive prospects of subsequent offspring. Offspring's Perspective: Each offspring, however, will benefit from obtaining more resources than the siblings to maximize its own survival and reproductive success. This can lead to a situation where the offspring demands more resources than the parent is willing to allocate. Manifestations of the Conflict 1. Weaning Conflict: This is one of the most common examples of parent-offspring conflict. Offspring may seek to prolong nursing to gain more nutrients, while the mother may attempt to wean them earlier to conserve resources for future offspring or her own survival. 2. Sibling Rivalry: Sibling rivalry can be seen as an extension of parent-offspring conflict where siblings compete for parental attention and resources. Here, the conflict manifests not directly between parent and offspring but mediated through competition among siblings. 3. Reproductive Conflict: In some species, especially birds, offspring may attempt to manipulate parents into providing more care by feigning hunger or weakness. Parents need to discern genuine signals of need from manipulative ones to distribute care optimally among all offspring. Evolutionary Consequences Resource Allocation Strategies: Evolution shapes both parental and offspring strategies for resource allocation. Parents evolve mechanisms to detect and counteract manipulation by offspring, while offspring evolve more sophisticated strategies to extract resources. Impact on Life History Traits: Parent-offspring conflict can influence key life history traits such as growth rates, age at independence, and reproductive strategy. For example, faster growth can be an adaptive strategy for offspring in response to parental underinvestment.]]>
Parent-offspring conflict is a concept in evolutionary biology that describes the tension arising between parents and their offspring over the allocation of resources. This conflict was first extensively discussed by Robert Trivers in 1974, building on the principles of evolutionary theory. The theory posits that while parents and their offspring share a substantial amount of genetic material, their genetic interests are not perfectly aligned, leading to conflicts of interest. Theoretical Basis The theory is based on the principle that both parents and offspring are driven by natural selection to maximize their own inclusive fitness. However, the ways they can maximize their fitness often conflict, especially over the distribution of resources such as food, care, and shelter. Parents' Perspective: From a parent's standpoint, the optimal strategy typically involves distributing resources equitably among all current and future offspring to maximize the total number of surviving offspring. This means that a parent may withhold some resources from a current offspring if it increases the survival and reproductive prospects of subsequent offspring. Offspring's Perspective: Each offspring, however, will benefit from obtaining more resources than the siblings to maximize its own survival and reproductive success. This can lead to a situation where the offspring demands more resources than the parent is willing to allocate. Manifestations of the Conflict 1. Weaning Conflict: This is one of the most common examples of parent-offspring conflict. Offspring may seek to prolong nursing to gain more nutrients, while the mother may attempt to wean them earlier to conserve resources for future offspring or her own survival. 2. Sibling Rivalry: Sibling rivalry can be seen as an extension of parent-offspring conflict where siblings compete for parental attention and resources. Here, the conflict manifests not directly between parent and offspring but mediated through competition among siblings. 3. Reproductive Conflict: In some species, especially birds, offspring may attempt to manipulate parents into providing more care by feigning hunger or weakness. Parents need to discern genuine signals of need from manipulative ones to distribute care optimally among all offspring. Evolutionary Consequences Resource Allocation Strategies: Evolution shapes both parental and offspring strategies for resource allocation. Parents evolve mechanisms to detect and counteract manipulation by offspring, while offspring evolve more sophisticated strategies to extract resources. Impact on Life History Traits: Parent-offspring conflict can influence key life history traits such as growth rates, age at independence, and reproductive strategy. For example, faster growth can be an adaptive strategy for offspring in response to parental underinvestment.]]> Tue, 14 May 2024 06:13:40 GMT /slideshow/parent-offspring-conflict-evolutionary-biology-of-tension-arising-between-parents-and-their-offspring-over-the-allocation-of-resources/268307747 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) Parent-offspring conflict: evolutionary biology of tension arising between parents and their offspring over the allocation of resources BrahmeshReddy Parent-offspring conflict is a concept in evolutionary biology that describes the tension arising between parents and their offspring over the allocation of resources. This conflict was first extensively discussed by Robert Trivers in 1974, building on the principles of evolutionary theory. The theory posits that while parents and their offspring share a substantial amount of genetic material, their genetic interests are not perfectly aligned, leading to conflicts of interest. Theoretical Basis The theory is based on the principle that both parents and offspring are driven by natural selection to maximize their own inclusive fitness. However, the ways they can maximize their fitness often conflict, especially over the distribution of resources such as food, care, and shelter. Parents' Perspective: From a parent's standpoint, the optimal strategy typically involves distributing resources equitably among all current and future offspring to maximize the total number of surviving offspring. This means that a parent may withhold some resources from a current offspring if it increases the survival and reproductive prospects of subsequent offspring. Offspring's Perspective: Each offspring, however, will benefit from obtaining more resources than the siblings to maximize its own survival and reproductive success. This can lead to a situation where the offspring demands more resources than the parent is willing to allocate. Manifestations of the Conflict 1. Weaning Conflict: This is one of the most common examples of parent-offspring conflict. Offspring may seek to prolong nursing to gain more nutrients, while the mother may attempt to wean them earlier to conserve resources for future offspring or her own survival. 2. Sibling Rivalry: Sibling rivalry can be seen as an extension of parent-offspring conflict where siblings compete for parental attention and resources. Here, the conflict manifests not directly between parent and offspring but mediated through competition among siblings. 3. Reproductive Conflict: In some species, especially birds, offspring may attempt to manipulate parents into providing more care by feigning hunger or weakness. Parents need to discern genuine signals of need from manipulative ones to distribute care optimally among all offspring. Evolutionary Consequences Resource Allocation Strategies: Evolution shapes both parental and offspring strategies for resource allocation. Parents evolve mechanisms to detect and counteract manipulation by offspring, while offspring evolve more sophisticated strategies to extract resources. Impact on Life History Traits: Parent-offspring conflict can influence key life history traits such as growth rates, age at independence, and reproductive strategy. For example, faster growth can be an adaptive strategy for offspring in response to parental underinvestment. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/warofhormones-poc-240514061340-5b47b7c3-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Parent-offspring conflict is a concept in evolutionary biology that describes the tension arising between parents and their offspring over the allocation of resources. This conflict was first extensively discussed by Robert Trivers in 1974, building on the principles of evolutionary theory. The theory posits that while parents and their offspring share a substantial amount of genetic material, their genetic interests are not perfectly aligned, leading to conflicts of interest. Theoretical Basis The theory is based on the principle that both parents and offspring are driven by natural selection to maximize their own inclusive fitness. However, the ways they can maximize their fitness often conflict, especially over the distribution of resources such as food, care, and shelter. Parents' Perspective: From a parent's standpoint, the optimal strategy typically involves distributing resources equitably among all current and future offspring to maximize the total number of surviving offspring. This means that a parent may withhold some resources from a current offspring if it increases the survival and reproductive prospects of subsequent offspring. Offspring's Perspective: Each offspring, however, will benefit from obtaining more resources than the siblings to maximize its own survival and reproductive success. This can lead to a situation where the offspring demands more resources than the parent is willing to allocate. Manifestations of the Conflict 1. Weaning Conflict: This is one of the most common examples of parent-offspring conflict. Offspring may seek to prolong nursing to gain more nutrients, while the mother may attempt to wean them earlier to conserve resources for future offspring or her own survival. 2. Sibling Rivalry: Sibling rivalry can be seen as an extension of parent-offspring conflict where siblings compete for parental attention and resources. Here, the conflict manifests not directly between parent and offspring but mediated through competition among siblings. 3. Reproductive Conflict: In some species, especially birds, offspring may attempt to manipulate parents into providing more care by feigning hunger or weakness. Parents need to discern genuine signals of need from manipulative ones to distribute care optimally among all offspring. Evolutionary Consequences Resource Allocation Strategies: Evolution shapes both parental and offspring strategies for resource allocation. Parents evolve mechanisms to detect and counteract manipulation by offspring, while offspring evolve more sophisticated strategies to extract resources. Impact on Life History Traits: Parent-offspring conflict can influence key life history traits such as growth rates, age at independence, and reproductive strategy. For example, faster growth can be an adaptive strategy for offspring in response to parental underinvestment.

Parent-offspring conflict: evolutionary biology of tension arising between parents and their offspring over the allocation of resources from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 Effects of domestication in the course of evolution /slideshow/effects-of-domestication-in-the-course-of-evolution/268307331 domesticationeffects-240514060934-4d143587
Domestication is a form of artificial selection where humans selectively breed plants and animals for specific traits that are advantageous for agriculture, companionship, work, or other purposes. This process has profound effects on the species being domesticated, often resulting in genetic, morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes. Here's an overview of the effects of domestication in the course of evolution: Genetic Diversity Reduction in Genetic Diversity: Domestication typically involves selecting a few individuals with desirable traits to breed the next generation. This selective breeding can reduce genetic diversity because it often excludes a large portion of the population from reproducing. Reduced genetic diversity can make domesticated species more susceptible to diseases and reduce their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Founder Effect: Many domesticated species originated from a relatively small ancestral population, which can lead to a pronounced founder effect. This effect occurs when a new population (in this case, domesticated species) is established from a small number of individuals, carrying only a fraction of the genetic diversity of the original population. Morphological Changes Size and Shape: Domestication often leads to changes in the size and shape of animals and plants. For example, domesticated animals tend to be larger or smaller than their wild counterparts, depending on the use intended by humans. Similarly, domesticated plants often have larger fruit or seeds than their wild relatives. Neotenization: Domesticated animals often exhibit juvenile characteristics into adulthood, a process known as neotenization. This can include changes such as floppy ears, smaller jaws, and more docile behavior compared to their wild ancestors. Physiological Changes Reproductive Changes: Domesticated species often have higher reproductive rates compared to their wild counterparts. For instance, domesticated animals may breed more frequently or produce more offspring per breeding season. In plants, domestication can lead to a loss of natural seed dispersal mechanisms and an increase in seed yield. Growth Rates: Enhanced growth rates are common in domesticated species, especially in animals bred for meat production, such as chickens and cattle, and in plants with selected traits for increased biomass or yield.]]>
Domestication is a form of artificial selection where humans selectively breed plants and animals for specific traits that are advantageous for agriculture, companionship, work, or other purposes. This process has profound effects on the species being domesticated, often resulting in genetic, morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes. Here's an overview of the effects of domestication in the course of evolution: Genetic Diversity Reduction in Genetic Diversity: Domestication typically involves selecting a few individuals with desirable traits to breed the next generation. This selective breeding can reduce genetic diversity because it often excludes a large portion of the population from reproducing. Reduced genetic diversity can make domesticated species more susceptible to diseases and reduce their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Founder Effect: Many domesticated species originated from a relatively small ancestral population, which can lead to a pronounced founder effect. This effect occurs when a new population (in this case, domesticated species) is established from a small number of individuals, carrying only a fraction of the genetic diversity of the original population. Morphological Changes Size and Shape: Domestication often leads to changes in the size and shape of animals and plants. For example, domesticated animals tend to be larger or smaller than their wild counterparts, depending on the use intended by humans. Similarly, domesticated plants often have larger fruit or seeds than their wild relatives. Neotenization: Domesticated animals often exhibit juvenile characteristics into adulthood, a process known as neotenization. This can include changes such as floppy ears, smaller jaws, and more docile behavior compared to their wild ancestors. Physiological Changes Reproductive Changes: Domesticated species often have higher reproductive rates compared to their wild counterparts. For instance, domesticated animals may breed more frequently or produce more offspring per breeding season. In plants, domestication can lead to a loss of natural seed dispersal mechanisms and an increase in seed yield. Growth Rates: Enhanced growth rates are common in domesticated species, especially in animals bred for meat production, such as chickens and cattle, and in plants with selected traits for increased biomass or yield.]]> Tue, 14 May 2024 06:09:34 GMT /slideshow/effects-of-domestication-in-the-course-of-evolution/268307331 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) Effects of domestication in the course of evolution BrahmeshReddy Domestication is a form of artificial selection where humans selectively breed plants and animals for specific traits that are advantageous for agriculture, companionship, work, or other purposes. This process has profound effects on the species being domesticated, often resulting in genetic, morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes. Here's an overview of the effects of domestication in the course of evolution: Genetic Diversity Reduction in Genetic Diversity: Domestication typically involves selecting a few individuals with desirable traits to breed the next generation. This selective breeding can reduce genetic diversity because it often excludes a large portion of the population from reproducing. Reduced genetic diversity can make domesticated species more susceptible to diseases and reduce their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Founder Effect: Many domesticated species originated from a relatively small ancestral population, which can lead to a pronounced founder effect. This effect occurs when a new population (in this case, domesticated species) is established from a small number of individuals, carrying only a fraction of the genetic diversity of the original population. Morphological Changes Size and Shape: Domestication often leads to changes in the size and shape of animals and plants. For example, domesticated animals tend to be larger or smaller than their wild counterparts, depending on the use intended by humans. Similarly, domesticated plants often have larger fruit or seeds than their wild relatives. Neotenization: Domesticated animals often exhibit juvenile characteristics into adulthood, a process known as neotenization. This can include changes such as floppy ears, smaller jaws, and more docile behavior compared to their wild ancestors. Physiological Changes Reproductive Changes: Domesticated species often have higher reproductive rates compared to their wild counterparts. For instance, domesticated animals may breed more frequently or produce more offspring per breeding season. In plants, domestication can lead to a loss of natural seed dispersal mechanisms and an increase in seed yield. Growth Rates: Enhanced growth rates are common in domesticated species, especially in animals bred for meat production, such as chickens and cattle, and in plants with selected traits for increased biomass or yield. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/domesticationeffects-240514060934-4d143587-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Domestication is a form of artificial selection where humans selectively breed plants and animals for specific traits that are advantageous for agriculture, companionship, work, or other purposes. This process has profound effects on the species being domesticated, often resulting in genetic, morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes. Here's an overview of the effects of domestication in the course of evolution: Genetic Diversity Reduction in Genetic Diversity: Domestication typically involves selecting a few individuals with desirable traits to breed the next generation. This selective breeding can reduce genetic diversity because it often excludes a large portion of the population from reproducing. Reduced genetic diversity can make domesticated species more susceptible to diseases and reduce their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Founder Effect: Many domesticated species originated from a relatively small ancestral population, which can lead to a pronounced founder effect. This effect occurs when a new population (in this case, domesticated species) is established from a small number of individuals, carrying only a fraction of the genetic diversity of the original population. Morphological Changes Size and Shape: Domestication often leads to changes in the size and shape of animals and plants. For example, domesticated animals tend to be larger or smaller than their wild counterparts, depending on the use intended by humans. Similarly, domesticated plants often have larger fruit or seeds than their wild relatives. Neotenization: Domesticated animals often exhibit juvenile characteristics into adulthood, a process known as neotenization. This can include changes such as floppy ears, smaller jaws, and more docile behavior compared to their wild ancestors. Physiological Changes Reproductive Changes: Domesticated species often have higher reproductive rates compared to their wild counterparts. For instance, domesticated animals may breed more frequently or produce more offspring per breeding season. In plants, domestication can lead to a loss of natural seed dispersal mechanisms and an increase in seed yield. Growth Rates: Enhanced growth rates are common in domesticated species, especially in animals bred for meat production, such as chickens and cattle, and in plants with selected traits for increased biomass or yield.

Effects of domestication in the course of evolution from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 AUXIN signal perception and transduction /slideshow/auxin-signal-perception-and-transduction/268306946 auxin-mbb607-240514060538-68e7a23c
Auxin signal perception begins when auxin molecules bind to their receptor. The primary receptor for auxin is Transport Inhibitor Response 1 (TIR1), which is part of the SCF (SKP1, CUL1, F-box protein) complex, functioning as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. This receptor-ligand interaction is crucial for initiating the auxin response pathway. Auxin Signal Transduction Once auxin is bound to TIR1, the signal transduction pathway follows several steps: Degradation of Aux/IAA Proteins: Auxin binding enhances the affinity of TIR1 for Aux/IAA proteins, which are repressors of auxin-responsive transcription factors called ARFs (Auxin Response Factors). The binding of auxin facilitates the ubiquitination of Aux/IAA proteins by the SCF complex, leading to their degradation via the 26S proteasome. Activation of ARFs: With the degradation of Aux/IAA proteins, ARFs are released from repression. These transcription factors can then bind to auxin response elements (AuxREs) in the promoters of auxin-responsive genes, activating or repressing their expression. Gene Expression Changes: The activation or repression of ARFs leads to changes in the expression of numerous genes involved in cell growth, division, and differentiation, as well as other physiological processes. This results in the various developmental and growth responses associated with auxin. Feedback Regulation: The auxin signaling pathway includes mechanisms for feedback regulation to modulate the sensitivity of the response. For instance, some of the genes activated by ARFs encode Aux/IAA proteins, thus providing a negative feedback loop that adjusts the response to auxin.]]>
Auxin signal perception begins when auxin molecules bind to their receptor. The primary receptor for auxin is Transport Inhibitor Response 1 (TIR1), which is part of the SCF (SKP1, CUL1, F-box protein) complex, functioning as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. This receptor-ligand interaction is crucial for initiating the auxin response pathway. Auxin Signal Transduction Once auxin is bound to TIR1, the signal transduction pathway follows several steps: Degradation of Aux/IAA Proteins: Auxin binding enhances the affinity of TIR1 for Aux/IAA proteins, which are repressors of auxin-responsive transcription factors called ARFs (Auxin Response Factors). The binding of auxin facilitates the ubiquitination of Aux/IAA proteins by the SCF complex, leading to their degradation via the 26S proteasome. Activation of ARFs: With the degradation of Aux/IAA proteins, ARFs are released from repression. These transcription factors can then bind to auxin response elements (AuxREs) in the promoters of auxin-responsive genes, activating or repressing their expression. Gene Expression Changes: The activation or repression of ARFs leads to changes in the expression of numerous genes involved in cell growth, division, and differentiation, as well as other physiological processes. This results in the various developmental and growth responses associated with auxin. Feedback Regulation: The auxin signaling pathway includes mechanisms for feedback regulation to modulate the sensitivity of the response. For instance, some of the genes activated by ARFs encode Aux/IAA proteins, thus providing a negative feedback loop that adjusts the response to auxin.]]> Tue, 14 May 2024 06:05:37 GMT /slideshow/auxin-signal-perception-and-transduction/268306946 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) AUXIN signal perception and transduction BrahmeshReddy Auxin signal perception begins when auxin molecules bind to their receptor. The primary receptor for auxin is Transport Inhibitor Response 1 (TIR1), which is part of the SCF (SKP1, CUL1, F-box protein) complex, functioning as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. This receptor-ligand interaction is crucial for initiating the auxin response pathway. Auxin Signal Transduction Once auxin is bound to TIR1, the signal transduction pathway follows several steps: Degradation of Aux/IAA Proteins: Auxin binding enhances the affinity of TIR1 for Aux/IAA proteins, which are repressors of auxin-responsive transcription factors called ARFs (Auxin Response Factors). The binding of auxin facilitates the ubiquitination of Aux/IAA proteins by the SCF complex, leading to their degradation via the 26S proteasome. Activation of ARFs: With the degradation of Aux/IAA proteins, ARFs are released from repression. These transcription factors can then bind to auxin response elements (AuxREs) in the promoters of auxin-responsive genes, activating or repressing their expression. Gene Expression Changes: The activation or repression of ARFs leads to changes in the expression of numerous genes involved in cell growth, division, and differentiation, as well as other physiological processes. This results in the various developmental and growth responses associated with auxin. Feedback Regulation: The auxin signaling pathway includes mechanisms for feedback regulation to modulate the sensitivity of the response. For instance, some of the genes activated by ARFs encode Aux/IAA proteins, thus providing a negative feedback loop that adjusts the response to auxin. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/auxin-mbb607-240514060538-68e7a23c-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Auxin signal perception begins when auxin molecules bind to their receptor. The primary receptor for auxin is Transport Inhibitor Response 1 (TIR1), which is part of the SCF (SKP1, CUL1, F-box protein) complex, functioning as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. This receptor-ligand interaction is crucial for initiating the auxin response pathway. Auxin Signal Transduction Once auxin is bound to TIR1, the signal transduction pathway follows several steps: Degradation of Aux/IAA Proteins: Auxin binding enhances the affinity of TIR1 for Aux/IAA proteins, which are repressors of auxin-responsive transcription factors called ARFs (Auxin Response Factors). The binding of auxin facilitates the ubiquitination of Aux/IAA proteins by the SCF complex, leading to their degradation via the 26S proteasome. Activation of ARFs: With the degradation of Aux/IAA proteins, ARFs are released from repression. These transcription factors can then bind to auxin response elements (AuxREs) in the promoters of auxin-responsive genes, activating or repressing their expression. Gene Expression Changes: The activation or repression of ARFs leads to changes in the expression of numerous genes involved in cell growth, division, and differentiation, as well as other physiological processes. This results in the various developmental and growth responses associated with auxin. Feedback Regulation: The auxin signaling pathway includes mechanisms for feedback regulation to modulate the sensitivity of the response. For instance, some of the genes activated by ARFs encode Aux/IAA proteins, thus providing a negative feedback loop that adjusts the response to auxin.

AUXIN signal perception and transduction from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 Selection Intensity & Frequency based Selection in evolution /slideshow/selection-intensity-frequency-based-selection-in-evolution/268305798 casestudy-240514055611-33395e8e
Selection intensity and frequency-based selection are two important concepts in evolutionary biology, particularly in the study of how populations change over time due to various selective pressures. These concepts help explain differences in survival and reproductive success among individuals within a population, which are key to understanding evolutionary dynamics. population. This concept is used to quantify how much a population's genetic makeup is altered by natural selection for or against a specific trait. High Selection Intensity: When a trait significantly increases or decreases an organism's chances of survival and reproduction, selection intensity is said to be high. This typically results in rapid changes in allele frequencies within the population, driving quick evolutionary responses. Low Selection Intensity: Conversely, if the trait has a smaller impact on survival and reproduction, selection intensity is low, resulting in slower evolutionary changes. Selection intensity can be affected by environmental factors, predation pressures, competition for resources, and changes in population size. Frequency-based selection (or frequency-dependent selection) occurs when the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in the population. There are two main types: Positive Frequency-Dependent Selection: Here, the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes more common. An example is the selection for common warning colors in poisonous or distasteful animals, where predators more easily recognize and avoid commonly seen patterns. Negative Frequency-Dependent Selection: In this case, the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes rarer. This can help maintain genetic diversity within a population. A classic example is seen in host-parasite interactions, where rare genotypes of the host may be less likely to be recognized and targeted by parasites. Importance in Evolutionary Biology Both selection intensity and frequency-based selection are crucial for understanding how populations adapt to their environments and how biodiversity is maintained. Selection intensity helps explain the speed and direction of evolution, while frequency-based selection helps explain the maintenance of diverse phenotypes within populations.]]>
Selection intensity and frequency-based selection are two important concepts in evolutionary biology, particularly in the study of how populations change over time due to various selective pressures. These concepts help explain differences in survival and reproductive success among individuals within a population, which are key to understanding evolutionary dynamics. population. This concept is used to quantify how much a population's genetic makeup is altered by natural selection for or against a specific trait. High Selection Intensity: When a trait significantly increases or decreases an organism's chances of survival and reproduction, selection intensity is said to be high. This typically results in rapid changes in allele frequencies within the population, driving quick evolutionary responses. Low Selection Intensity: Conversely, if the trait has a smaller impact on survival and reproduction, selection intensity is low, resulting in slower evolutionary changes. Selection intensity can be affected by environmental factors, predation pressures, competition for resources, and changes in population size. Frequency-based selection (or frequency-dependent selection) occurs when the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in the population. There are two main types: Positive Frequency-Dependent Selection: Here, the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes more common. An example is the selection for common warning colors in poisonous or distasteful animals, where predators more easily recognize and avoid commonly seen patterns. Negative Frequency-Dependent Selection: In this case, the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes rarer. This can help maintain genetic diversity within a population. A classic example is seen in host-parasite interactions, where rare genotypes of the host may be less likely to be recognized and targeted by parasites. Importance in Evolutionary Biology Both selection intensity and frequency-based selection are crucial for understanding how populations adapt to their environments and how biodiversity is maintained. Selection intensity helps explain the speed and direction of evolution, while frequency-based selection helps explain the maintenance of diverse phenotypes within populations.]]> Tue, 14 May 2024 05:56:11 GMT /slideshow/selection-intensity-frequency-based-selection-in-evolution/268305798 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) Selection Intensity & Frequency based Selection in evolution BrahmeshReddy Selection intensity and frequency-based selection are two important concepts in evolutionary biology, particularly in the study of how populations change over time due to various selective pressures. These concepts help explain differences in survival and reproductive success among individuals within a population, which are key to understanding evolutionary dynamics. population. This concept is used to quantify how much a population's genetic makeup is altered by natural selection for or against a specific trait. High Selection Intensity: When a trait significantly increases or decreases an organism's chances of survival and reproduction, selection intensity is said to be high. This typically results in rapid changes in allele frequencies within the population, driving quick evolutionary responses. Low Selection Intensity: Conversely, if the trait has a smaller impact on survival and reproduction, selection intensity is low, resulting in slower evolutionary changes. Selection intensity can be affected by environmental factors, predation pressures, competition for resources, and changes in population size. Frequency-based selection (or frequency-dependent selection) occurs when the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in the population. There are two main types: Positive Frequency-Dependent Selection: Here, the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes more common. An example is the selection for common warning colors in poisonous or distasteful animals, where predators more easily recognize and avoid commonly seen patterns. Negative Frequency-Dependent Selection: In this case, the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes rarer. This can help maintain genetic diversity within a population. A classic example is seen in host-parasite interactions, where rare genotypes of the host may be less likely to be recognized and targeted by parasites. Importance in Evolutionary Biology Both selection intensity and frequency-based selection are crucial for understanding how populations adapt to their environments and how biodiversity is maintained. Selection intensity helps explain the speed and direction of evolution, while frequency-based selection helps explain the maintenance of diverse phenotypes within populations. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/casestudy-240514055611-33395e8e-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Selection intensity and frequency-based selection are two important concepts in evolutionary biology, particularly in the study of how populations change over time due to various selective pressures. These concepts help explain differences in survival and reproductive success among individuals within a population, which are key to understanding evolutionary dynamics. population. This concept is used to quantify how much a population's genetic makeup is altered by natural selection for or against a specific trait. High Selection Intensity: When a trait significantly increases or decreases an organism's chances of survival and reproduction, selection intensity is said to be high. This typically results in rapid changes in allele frequencies within the population, driving quick evolutionary responses. Low Selection Intensity: Conversely, if the trait has a smaller impact on survival and reproduction, selection intensity is low, resulting in slower evolutionary changes. Selection intensity can be affected by environmental factors, predation pressures, competition for resources, and changes in population size. Frequency-based selection (or frequency-dependent selection) occurs when the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in the population. There are two main types: Positive Frequency-Dependent Selection: Here, the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes more common. An example is the selection for common warning colors in poisonous or distasteful animals, where predators more easily recognize and avoid commonly seen patterns. Negative Frequency-Dependent Selection: In this case, the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes rarer. This can help maintain genetic diversity within a population. A classic example is seen in host-parasite interactions, where rare genotypes of the host may be less likely to be recognized and targeted by parasites. Importance in Evolutionary Biology Both selection intensity and frequency-based selection are crucial for understanding how populations adapt to their environments and how biodiversity is maintained. Selection intensity helps explain the speed and direction of evolution, while frequency-based selection helps explain the maintenance of diverse phenotypes within populations.

Selection Intensity & Frequency based Selection in evolution from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 CO2 diffusion & concentration: aspects of stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration in plants /slideshow/co2-diffusion-concentration-aspects-of-stomatal-conductance-and-intercellular-co2-concentration-in-plants/268304593 co2diffusionconcentration-240514054819-e5412933
Carbon dioxide (CO2) diffusion and concentration are fundamental aspects of plant physiology, directly influencing photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. The efficiency of this process affects plant growth, productivity, and carbon cycling in ecosystems. CO2 moves into the plant primarily through structures called stomata, which are tiny openings usually found on the underside of leaves. The opening and closing of these stomata are regulated by the plant in response to various environmental signals such as light, CO2 concentration, and water availability. Once inside the leaf, CO2 diffuses from the air spaces within the leaf to the site of photosynthesis in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells. Within the leaf, the concentration of CO2 is influenced by several factors: Stomatal conductance: The degree to which stomata allow gas exchange; it controls how much CO2 enters the leaf. Photosynthetic rate: The rate at which CO2 is consumed in photosynthesis. High rates of photosynthesis can lower internal CO2 concentrations, increasing CO2 diffusion from the atmosphere into the leaf. Respiration: Plant cells respire, releasing CO2, which can then be reused for photosynthesis or diffuse out of the leaf. Boundary layer resistance: A thin layer of still air hugging the leaf surface that can impede CO2 diffusion into the stomata. Internal CO2 Concentration (Ci): This is the concentration of CO2 within the leaf, which is a dynamic balance between CO2 diffusion into the leaf and its consumption during photosynthesis. The internal CO2 concentration is crucial for understanding photosynthetic efficiency and water use efficiency of plants. ]]>
Carbon dioxide (CO2) diffusion and concentration are fundamental aspects of plant physiology, directly influencing photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. The efficiency of this process affects plant growth, productivity, and carbon cycling in ecosystems. CO2 moves into the plant primarily through structures called stomata, which are tiny openings usually found on the underside of leaves. The opening and closing of these stomata are regulated by the plant in response to various environmental signals such as light, CO2 concentration, and water availability. Once inside the leaf, CO2 diffuses from the air spaces within the leaf to the site of photosynthesis in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells. Within the leaf, the concentration of CO2 is influenced by several factors: Stomatal conductance: The degree to which stomata allow gas exchange; it controls how much CO2 enters the leaf. Photosynthetic rate: The rate at which CO2 is consumed in photosynthesis. High rates of photosynthesis can lower internal CO2 concentrations, increasing CO2 diffusion from the atmosphere into the leaf. Respiration: Plant cells respire, releasing CO2, which can then be reused for photosynthesis or diffuse out of the leaf. Boundary layer resistance: A thin layer of still air hugging the leaf surface that can impede CO2 diffusion into the stomata. Internal CO2 Concentration (Ci): This is the concentration of CO2 within the leaf, which is a dynamic balance between CO2 diffusion into the leaf and its consumption during photosynthesis. The internal CO2 concentration is crucial for understanding photosynthetic efficiency and water use efficiency of plants. ]]> Tue, 14 May 2024 05:48:19 GMT /slideshow/co2-diffusion-concentration-aspects-of-stomatal-conductance-and-intercellular-co2-concentration-in-plants/268304593 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) CO2 diffusion & concentration: aspects of stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration in plants BrahmeshReddy Carbon dioxide (CO2) diffusion and concentration are fundamental aspects of plant physiology, directly influencing photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. The efficiency of this process affects plant growth, productivity, and carbon cycling in ecosystems. CO2 moves into the plant primarily through structures called stomata, which are tiny openings usually found on the underside of leaves. The opening and closing of these stomata are regulated by the plant in response to various environmental signals such as light, CO2 concentration, and water availability. Once inside the leaf, CO2 diffuses from the air spaces within the leaf to the site of photosynthesis in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells. Within the leaf, the concentration of CO2 is influenced by several factors: Stomatal conductance: The degree to which stomata allow gas exchange; it controls how much CO2 enters the leaf. Photosynthetic rate: The rate at which CO2 is consumed in photosynthesis. High rates of photosynthesis can lower internal CO2 concentrations, increasing CO2 diffusion from the atmosphere into the leaf. Respiration: Plant cells respire, releasing CO2, which can then be reused for photosynthesis or diffuse out of the leaf. Boundary layer resistance: A thin layer of still air hugging the leaf surface that can impede CO2 diffusion into the stomata. Internal CO2 Concentration (Ci): This is the concentration of CO2 within the leaf, which is a dynamic balance between CO2 diffusion into the leaf and its consumption during photosynthesis. The internal CO2 concentration is crucial for understanding photosynthetic efficiency and water use efficiency of plants. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/co2diffusionconcentration-240514054819-e5412933-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Carbon dioxide (CO2) diffusion and concentration are fundamental aspects of plant physiology, directly influencing photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. The efficiency of this process affects plant growth, productivity, and carbon cycling in ecosystems. CO2 moves into the plant primarily through structures called stomata, which are tiny openings usually found on the underside of leaves. The opening and closing of these stomata are regulated by the plant in response to various environmental signals such as light, CO2 concentration, and water availability. Once inside the leaf, CO2 diffuses from the air spaces within the leaf to the site of photosynthesis in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells. Within the leaf, the concentration of CO2 is influenced by several factors: Stomatal conductance: The degree to which stomata allow gas exchange; it controls how much CO2 enters the leaf. Photosynthetic rate: The rate at which CO2 is consumed in photosynthesis. High rates of photosynthesis can lower internal CO2 concentrations, increasing CO2 diffusion from the atmosphere into the leaf. Respiration: Plant cells respire, releasing CO2, which can then be reused for photosynthesis or diffuse out of the leaf. Boundary layer resistance: A thin layer of still air hugging the leaf surface that can impede CO2 diffusion into the stomata. Internal CO2 Concentration (Ci): This is the concentration of CO2 within the leaf, which is a dynamic balance between CO2 diffusion into the leaf and its consumption during photosynthesis. The internal CO2 concentration is crucial for understanding photosynthetic efficiency and water use efficiency of plants.

CO2 diffusion & concentration: aspects of stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration in plants from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 G-protein coupled receptors and crucial roles in cellular signaling /slideshow/g-protein-coupled-receptors-and-crucial-roles-in-cellular-signaling/268304256 gpcrs-240514054426-0f13d76b
In plants, GPCRs have not been as clearly defined or classified as in animals, partly due to their structural and functional diversity. However, several plant proteins with homology to animal GPCRs have been identified and are implicated in important biological processes. These include the perception of light, hormones, sugars, and other external stimuli. One well-studied example in plants is the GCR1 (G-protein Coupled Receptor 1). Although its specific ligands and complete range of functions are still under investigation, GCR1 is linked with several signaling pathways that regulate development and responses to environmental changes. Plant GPCRs typically activate a heterotrimeric G protein, leading to a cascade of downstream signals that result in physiological and developmental changes. Another example includes potential GPCRs involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, which plays a pivotal role in response to stress and developmental processes. These receptors are crucial for plants to cope with adverse conditions such as drought and salinity.]]>
In plants, GPCRs have not been as clearly defined or classified as in animals, partly due to their structural and functional diversity. However, several plant proteins with homology to animal GPCRs have been identified and are implicated in important biological processes. These include the perception of light, hormones, sugars, and other external stimuli. One well-studied example in plants is the GCR1 (G-protein Coupled Receptor 1). Although its specific ligands and complete range of functions are still under investigation, GCR1 is linked with several signaling pathways that regulate development and responses to environmental changes. Plant GPCRs typically activate a heterotrimeric G protein, leading to a cascade of downstream signals that result in physiological and developmental changes. Another example includes potential GPCRs involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, which plays a pivotal role in response to stress and developmental processes. These receptors are crucial for plants to cope with adverse conditions such as drought and salinity.]]> Tue, 14 May 2024 05:44:26 GMT /slideshow/g-protein-coupled-receptors-and-crucial-roles-in-cellular-signaling/268304256 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) G-protein coupled receptors and crucial roles in cellular signaling BrahmeshReddy In plants, GPCRs have not been as clearly defined or classified as in animals, partly due to their structural and functional diversity. However, several plant proteins with homology to animal GPCRs have been identified and are implicated in important biological processes. These include the perception of light, hormones, sugars, and other external stimuli. One well-studied example in plants is the GCR1 (G-protein Coupled Receptor 1). Although its specific ligands and complete range of functions are still under investigation, GCR1 is linked with several signaling pathways that regulate development and responses to environmental changes. Plant GPCRs typically activate a heterotrimeric G protein, leading to a cascade of downstream signals that result in physiological and developmental changes. Another example includes potential GPCRs involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, which plays a pivotal role in response to stress and developmental processes. These receptors are crucial for plants to cope with adverse conditions such as drought and salinity. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/gpcrs-240514054426-0f13d76b-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> In plants, GPCRs have not been as clearly defined or classified as in animals, partly due to their structural and functional diversity. However, several plant proteins with homology to animal GPCRs have been identified and are implicated in important biological processes. These include the perception of light, hormones, sugars, and other external stimuli. One well-studied example in plants is the GCR1 (G-protein Coupled Receptor 1). Although its specific ligands and complete range of functions are still under investigation, GCR1 is linked with several signaling pathways that regulate development and responses to environmental changes. Plant GPCRs typically activate a heterotrimeric G protein, leading to a cascade of downstream signals that result in physiological and developmental changes. Another example includes potential GPCRs involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, which plays a pivotal role in response to stress and developmental processes. These receptors are crucial for plants to cope with adverse conditions such as drought and salinity.

G-protein coupled receptors and crucial roles in cellular signaling from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 Heat Units in plant physiology and the importance of Growing Degree days /slideshow/heat-units-in-plant-physiology-and-the-importance-of-growing-degree-days/268303470 heatunits-240514053743-b3c3d9c9
Heat units, also known as growing degree days (GDD), are a crucial concept in plant physiology and agricultural science, providing a measure of heat accumulation used to predict plant development rates and stages. This measure is particularly useful in understanding and forecasting the growth phases of plants, such as flowering, fruiting, and maturity, which are temperature-dependent. Key points on the importance of heat units in plant physiology include: Predicting Phenological Events: Heat units help predict significant events in a plant’s life cycle, such as germination, flowering, and harvest times. This is vital for farmers and gardeners to optimize planting schedules and manage crop cycles efficiently. Agricultural Planning: By calculating GDDs, agriculturists can decide the best times for planting, irrigating, applying fertilizers, and controlling pests. This can lead to better crop yields and improved management of resources. Varietal Selection: Different plant varieties have specific heat unit requirements. Understanding these requirements helps in selecting the right varieties for a particular climatic zone, thus maximizing productivity and sustainability. Climate Change Adaptation: Monitoring heat units over time can provide insights into shifting climate patterns and help in developing strategies to adapt agricultural practices to changing environmental conditions. Research and Breeding: In plant breeding, heat unit data can help in developing varieties with desired traits such as drought tolerance or shortened growing periods, which are particularly valuable in regions facing climatic stresses.]]>
Heat units, also known as growing degree days (GDD), are a crucial concept in plant physiology and agricultural science, providing a measure of heat accumulation used to predict plant development rates and stages. This measure is particularly useful in understanding and forecasting the growth phases of plants, such as flowering, fruiting, and maturity, which are temperature-dependent. Key points on the importance of heat units in plant physiology include: Predicting Phenological Events: Heat units help predict significant events in a plant’s life cycle, such as germination, flowering, and harvest times. This is vital for farmers and gardeners to optimize planting schedules and manage crop cycles efficiently. Agricultural Planning: By calculating GDDs, agriculturists can decide the best times for planting, irrigating, applying fertilizers, and controlling pests. This can lead to better crop yields and improved management of resources. Varietal Selection: Different plant varieties have specific heat unit requirements. Understanding these requirements helps in selecting the right varieties for a particular climatic zone, thus maximizing productivity and sustainability. Climate Change Adaptation: Monitoring heat units over time can provide insights into shifting climate patterns and help in developing strategies to adapt agricultural practices to changing environmental conditions. Research and Breeding: In plant breeding, heat unit data can help in developing varieties with desired traits such as drought tolerance or shortened growing periods, which are particularly valuable in regions facing climatic stresses.]]> Tue, 14 May 2024 05:37:43 GMT /slideshow/heat-units-in-plant-physiology-and-the-importance-of-growing-degree-days/268303470 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) Heat Units in plant physiology and the importance of Growing Degree days BrahmeshReddy Heat units, also known as growing degree days (GDD), are a crucial concept in plant physiology and agricultural science, providing a measure of heat accumulation used to predict plant development rates and stages. This measure is particularly useful in understanding and forecasting the growth phases of plants, such as flowering, fruiting, and maturity, which are temperature-dependent. Key points on the importance of heat units in plant physiology include: Predicting Phenological Events: Heat units help predict significant events in a plant’s life cycle, such as germination, flowering, and harvest times. This is vital for farmers and gardeners to optimize planting schedules and manage crop cycles efficiently. Agricultural Planning: By calculating GDDs, agriculturists can decide the best times for planting, irrigating, applying fertilizers, and controlling pests. This can lead to better crop yields and improved management of resources. Varietal Selection: Different plant varieties have specific heat unit requirements. Understanding these requirements helps in selecting the right varieties for a particular climatic zone, thus maximizing productivity and sustainability. Climate Change Adaptation: Monitoring heat units over time can provide insights into shifting climate patterns and help in developing strategies to adapt agricultural practices to changing environmental conditions. Research and Breeding: In plant breeding, heat unit data can help in developing varieties with desired traits such as drought tolerance or shortened growing periods, which are particularly valuable in regions facing climatic stresses. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/heatunits-240514053743-b3c3d9c9-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Heat units, also known as growing degree days (GDD), are a crucial concept in plant physiology and agricultural science, providing a measure of heat accumulation used to predict plant development rates and stages. This measure is particularly useful in understanding and forecasting the growth phases of plants, such as flowering, fruiting, and maturity, which are temperature-dependent. Key points on the importance of heat units in plant physiology include: Predicting Phenological Events: Heat units help predict significant events in a plant’s life cycle, such as germination, flowering, and harvest times. This is vital for farmers and gardeners to optimize planting schedules and manage crop cycles efficiently. Agricultural Planning: By calculating GDDs, agriculturists can decide the best times for planting, irrigating, applying fertilizers, and controlling pests. This can lead to better crop yields and improved management of resources. Varietal Selection: Different plant varieties have specific heat unit requirements. Understanding these requirements helps in selecting the right varieties for a particular climatic zone, thus maximizing productivity and sustainability. Climate Change Adaptation: Monitoring heat units over time can provide insights into shifting climate patterns and help in developing strategies to adapt agricultural practices to changing environmental conditions. Research and Breeding: In plant breeding, heat unit data can help in developing varieties with desired traits such as drought tolerance or shortened growing periods, which are particularly valuable in regions facing climatic stresses.

Heat Units in plant physiology and the importance of Growing Degree days from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 Isoelectric Focusing for high resolution separation of proteins /slideshow/isoelectric-focusing-for-high-resolution-separation-of-proteins/268302516 iefofproteins-240514052952-cd153a09
The development of the technique of isoelectric focusing (IEF) represents a major advance in the field of high-resolution separations of proteins and other amphoteric macromolecules. IEF is an equilibrium method in which amphoteric molecules are segregated according to their isoelectric points (pl) in pH gradients. The pH gradients are formed by electrolysis of amphoteric buffer substances known as carrier ampholytes. When introduced into this system, other amphoteric molecules such as proteins migrate to pH zones that correspond to their respective pls where their net charge is zero. By counteracting back-diffusion with an appropriate electrical field the separated molecules can be concentrated into extremely sharp bands. The technique has now been refined to a level that permits the resolution of molecules whose pls differ by as little as 0.005 pH unit or less. This degree of resolution cannot normally be obtained by conventional electrophoretic or chromatographic procedures. In these latter procedures, specially adjusted conditions have to be devised for particular separations. While in contrast, IEF, by virtue of being an equilibrium method has a “built-in” resolution which usually allows one to separate in only one or two experiments all components with measurably different pl values. Further. because it is an equilibrium method, the system is self-correcting and therefore considerably less demanding in terms of experimental technique. IEF is particularly suitable for differentiating closely related molecules and provides a valuable criterion of homogeneity. ]]>
The development of the technique of isoelectric focusing (IEF) represents a major advance in the field of high-resolution separations of proteins and other amphoteric macromolecules. IEF is an equilibrium method in which amphoteric molecules are segregated according to their isoelectric points (pl) in pH gradients. The pH gradients are formed by electrolysis of amphoteric buffer substances known as carrier ampholytes. When introduced into this system, other amphoteric molecules such as proteins migrate to pH zones that correspond to their respective pls where their net charge is zero. By counteracting back-diffusion with an appropriate electrical field the separated molecules can be concentrated into extremely sharp bands. The technique has now been refined to a level that permits the resolution of molecules whose pls differ by as little as 0.005 pH unit or less. This degree of resolution cannot normally be obtained by conventional electrophoretic or chromatographic procedures. In these latter procedures, specially adjusted conditions have to be devised for particular separations. While in contrast, IEF, by virtue of being an equilibrium method has a “built-in” resolution which usually allows one to separate in only one or two experiments all components with measurably different pl values. Further. because it is an equilibrium method, the system is self-correcting and therefore considerably less demanding in terms of experimental technique. IEF is particularly suitable for differentiating closely related molecules and provides a valuable criterion of homogeneity. ]]> Tue, 14 May 2024 05:29:51 GMT /slideshow/isoelectric-focusing-for-high-resolution-separation-of-proteins/268302516 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) Isoelectric Focusing for high resolution separation of proteins BrahmeshReddy The development of the technique of isoelectric focusing (IEF) represents a major advance in the field of high-resolution separations of proteins and other amphoteric macromolecules. IEF is an equilibrium method in which amphoteric molecules are segregated according to their isoelectric points (pl) in pH gradients. The pH gradients are formed by electrolysis of amphoteric buffer substances known as carrier ampholytes. When introduced into this system, other amphoteric molecules such as proteins migrate to pH zones that correspond to their respective pls where their net charge is zero. By counteracting back-diffusion with an appropriate electrical field the separated molecules can be concentrated into extremely sharp bands. The technique has now been refined to a level that permits the resolution of molecules whose pls differ by as little as 0.005 pH unit or less. This degree of resolution cannot normally be obtained by conventional electrophoretic or chromatographic procedures. In these latter procedures, specially adjusted conditions have to be devised for particular separations. While in contrast, IEF, by virtue of being an equilibrium method has a “built-in” resolution which usually allows one to separate in only one or two experiments all components with measurably different pl values. Further. because it is an equilibrium method, the system is self-correcting and therefore considerably less demanding in terms of experimental technique. IEF is particularly suitable for differentiating closely related molecules and provides a valuable criterion of homogeneity. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/iefofproteins-240514052952-cd153a09-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> The development of the technique of isoelectric focusing (IEF) represents a major advance in the field of high-resolution separations of proteins and other amphoteric macromolecules. IEF is an equilibrium method in which amphoteric molecules are segregated according to their isoelectric points (pl) in pH gradients. The pH gradients are formed by electrolysis of amphoteric buffer substances known as carrier ampholytes. When introduced into this system, other amphoteric molecules such as proteins migrate to pH zones that correspond to their respective pls where their net charge is zero. By counteracting back-diffusion with an appropriate electrical field the separated molecules can be concentrated into extremely sharp bands. The technique has now been refined to a level that permits the resolution of molecules whose pls differ by as little as 0.005 pH unit or less. This degree of resolution cannot normally be obtained by conventional electrophoretic or chromatographic procedures. In these latter procedures, specially adjusted conditions have to be devised for particular separations. While in contrast, IEF, by virtue of being an equilibrium method has a “built-in” resolution which usually allows one to separate in only one or two experiments all components with measurably different pl values. Further. because it is an equilibrium method, the system is self-correcting and therefore considerably less demanding in terms of experimental technique. IEF is particularly suitable for differentiating closely related molecules and provides a valuable criterion of homogeneity.

Isoelectric Focusing for high resolution separation of proteins from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 LC_MS.pptx /slideshow/lcmspptx/255425308 lcms-230120094522-d4c7b323
A brief description of liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry]]>
A brief description of liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry]]> Fri, 20 Jan 2023 09:45:22 GMT /slideshow/lcmspptx/255425308 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) LC_MS.pptx BrahmeshReddy A brief description of liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/lcms-230120094522-d4c7b323-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> A brief description of liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry

LC_MS.pptx from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 Physiology of minor milletes /slideshow/physiology-of-minor-milletes/250703105 physiologyofminormilletes-211122172247
a brief discussion on important physiological and phenological aspects of the minor millets]]>
a brief discussion on important physiological and phenological aspects of the minor millets]]> Mon, 22 Nov 2021 17:22:46 GMT /slideshow/physiology-of-minor-milletes/250703105 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) Physiology of minor milletes BrahmeshReddy a brief discussion on important physiological and phenological aspects of the minor millets <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/physiologyofminormilletes-211122172247-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> a brief discussion on important physiological and phenological aspects of the minor millets

Physiology of minor milletes from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 Stem reserve mobilization /slideshow/stem-reserve-mobilization/250694102 stemreservemobilization-211121082538
This presentation briefly describes the methods by which stem reserve mobilization occurs with some case studies proving the occurrence of stem reserve mobilization. Also trying to explain the mechanism]]>
This presentation briefly describes the methods by which stem reserve mobilization occurs with some case studies proving the occurrence of stem reserve mobilization. Also trying to explain the mechanism]]> Sun, 21 Nov 2021 08:25:38 GMT /slideshow/stem-reserve-mobilization/250694102 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) Stem reserve mobilization BrahmeshReddy This presentation briefly describes the methods by which stem reserve mobilization occurs with some case studies proving the occurrence of stem reserve mobilization. Also trying to explain the mechanism <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/stemreservemobilization-211121082538-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> This presentation briefly describes the methods by which stem reserve mobilization occurs with some case studies proving the occurrence of stem reserve mobilization. Also trying to explain the mechanism

Stem reserve mobilization from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 Chickpea stem cutting propagation /BrahmeshReddy/chickpea-stem-cutting-propagation chickpeastemcuttingpropagation-210730101122
an insight into the stem cutting propagation in the chickpea crop -why stem cutting in chickpea -technique of stem cutting in chickpea -case study of stem cutting propagation in chickpea ]]>
an insight into the stem cutting propagation in the chickpea crop -why stem cutting in chickpea -technique of stem cutting in chickpea -case study of stem cutting propagation in chickpea ]]> Fri, 30 Jul 2021 10:11:21 GMT /BrahmeshReddy/chickpea-stem-cutting-propagation BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) Chickpea stem cutting propagation BrahmeshReddy an insight into the stem cutting propagation in the chickpea crop -why stem cutting in chickpea -technique of stem cutting in chickpea -case study of stem cutting propagation in chickpea <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/chickpeastemcuttingpropagation-210730101122-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> an insight into the stem cutting propagation in the chickpea crop -why stem cutting in chickpea -technique of stem cutting in chickpea -case study of stem cutting propagation in chickpea

Chickpea stem cutting propagation from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 Banana tissue culture case study /BrahmeshReddy/banana-tissue-culture-case-study-248496509 bananatccasestudy-210524150238
a simple case study on growing importance and success story of tissue culture in india]]>
a simple case study on growing importance and success story of tissue culture in india]]> Mon, 24 May 2021 15:02:37 GMT /BrahmeshReddy/banana-tissue-culture-case-study-248496509 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) Banana tissue culture case study BrahmeshReddy a simple case study on growing importance and success story of tissue culture in india <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bananatccasestudy-210524150238-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> a simple case study on growing importance and success story of tissue culture in india

Banana tissue culture case study from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 Harvest and post harvest handling of seed crops /slideshow/harvest-and-post-harvest-handling-of-seed-crops-238967422/238967422 harvestandpostharvesthandlingofseedcrops-201025055107
the presentation gives in depth information on the harvesting and post harvest handling of seed crops]]>
the presentation gives in depth information on the harvesting and post harvest handling of seed crops]]> Sun, 25 Oct 2020 05:51:07 GMT /slideshow/harvest-and-post-harvest-handling-of-seed-crops-238967422/238967422 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) Harvest and post harvest handling of seed crops BrahmeshReddy the presentation gives in depth information on the harvesting and post harvest handling of seed crops <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/harvestandpostharvesthandlingofseedcrops-201025055107-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> the presentation gives in depth information on the harvesting and post harvest handling of seed crops

Harvest and post harvest handling of seed crops from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 cultivation practices in Potato, true potato seed (TPS)and its commercial usage /slideshow/cultivation-practices-in-potato-and-its-commercial-usage/238967390 potatofinal-201025052827
the presentation gives in brief idea and in depth information on cultivation practices in the horticultural crop of potato and its production through true potato seed technique. the physiological disorders in potato and irradiation in potato are also been explained]]>
the presentation gives in brief idea and in depth information on cultivation practices in the horticultural crop of potato and its production through true potato seed technique. the physiological disorders in potato and irradiation in potato are also been explained]]> Sun, 25 Oct 2020 05:28:26 GMT /slideshow/cultivation-practices-in-potato-and-its-commercial-usage/238967390 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) cultivation practices in Potato, true potato seed (TPS)and its commercial usage BrahmeshReddy the presentation gives in brief idea and in depth information on cultivation practices in the horticultural crop of potato and its production through true potato seed technique. the physiological disorders in potato and irradiation in potato are also been explained <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/potatofinal-201025052827-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> the presentation gives in brief idea and in depth information on cultivation practices in the horticultural crop of potato and its production through true potato seed technique. the physiological disorders in potato and irradiation in potato are also been explained

cultivation practices in Potato, true potato seed (TPS)and its commercial usage from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 Post harvest treatment /slideshow/post-harvest-treatment/238967380 postharvesttreatment-201025052244
the presentation is a brief information on the different post harvest practices practiced commonly in lndia and the presentation is generalized to the context of the world ]]>
the presentation is a brief information on the different post harvest practices practiced commonly in lndia and the presentation is generalized to the context of the world ]]> Sun, 25 Oct 2020 05:22:44 GMT /slideshow/post-harvest-treatment/238967380 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) Post harvest treatment BrahmeshReddy the presentation is a brief information on the different post harvest practices practiced commonly in lndia and the presentation is generalized to the context of the world <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/postharvesttreatment-201025052244-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> the presentation is a brief information on the different post harvest practices practiced commonly in lndia and the presentation is generalized to the context of the world

Post harvest treatment from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 LEA(late embryogenesis abundant) protiens and heat shock /slideshow/lealate-embryogenesis-abundant-protiens-and-heat-shock/127556578 leaprotiens1-190108193011
heat shock drought stress in plants abiotic stress ate embryogenesis abundant ]]>
heat shock drought stress in plants abiotic stress ate embryogenesis abundant ]]> Tue, 08 Jan 2019 19:30:11 GMT /slideshow/lealate-embryogenesis-abundant-protiens-and-heat-shock/127556578 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) LEA(late embryogenesis abundant) protiens and heat shock BrahmeshReddy heat shock drought stress in plants abiotic stress ate embryogenesis abundant <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/leaprotiens1-190108193011-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> heat shock drought stress in plants abiotic stress ate embryogenesis abundant

LEA(late embryogenesis abundant) protiens and heat shock from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 reactive oxygen species /slideshow/reactive-oxygen-species-127556237/127556237 roscph-190108192505
damage caused by reactive oxygen species formation of ros functions of ros oxidation and signal transduction]]>
damage caused by reactive oxygen species formation of ros functions of ros oxidation and signal transduction]]> Tue, 08 Jan 2019 19:25:05 GMT /slideshow/reactive-oxygen-species-127556237/127556237 BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) reactive oxygen species BrahmeshReddy damage caused by reactive oxygen species formation of ros functions of ros oxidation and signal transduction <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/roscph-190108192505-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> damage caused by reactive oxygen species formation of ros functions of ros oxidation and signal transduction

reactive oxygen species from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 Clonal selection degeneration /BrahmeshReddy/clonal-selection-degeneration clonalselectiondegeneration-181022182621
simple complete and crisp]]>
simple complete and crisp]]> Mon, 22 Oct 2018 18:26:21 GMT /BrahmeshReddy/clonal-selection-degeneration BrahmeshReddy@slideshare.net(BrahmeshReddy) Clonal selection degeneration BrahmeshReddy simple complete and crisp <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/clonalselectiondegeneration-181022182621-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> simple complete and crisp

Clonal selection degeneration from Brahmesh Reddy B R

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0 https://public.slidesharecdn.com/v2/images/profile-picture.png B.Sc (Hons) Agriculture, M.Sc Agri https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/warofhormones-poc-240514061340-5b47b7c3-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds slideshow/parent-offspring-conflict-evolutionary-biology-of-tension-arising-between-parents-and-their-offspring-over-the-allocation-of-resources/268307747 Parent-offspring confl... https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/domesticationeffects-240514060934-4d143587-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds slideshow/effects-of-domestication-in-the-course-of-evolution/268307331 Effects of domesticati... https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/auxin-mbb607-240514060538-68e7a23c-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds slideshow/auxin-signal-perception-and-transduction/268306946 AUXIN signal perceptio...